• A Feasibility Study on Introducing Fuel Cell Two-Wheeler Technologies Into Shanghai Market , Shanghai University of Transportation
  This study explores Shanghai\'s development of fuel cell technology for two-wheel vehicles and its economic and policy-related feasibliity. The report also discusses the current position of two-wheel vehicles in urban transportation systems within China.
  www.efchina.org/documents/CSEPBrochureCN.pdf - March 1, 2004

• A Basic Analysis on the Poverty Problem in China , Kiminami, Lily Y.
  This paper discusses the poverty problem in China in terms of recognition of the poverty situation, cause of poverty and counter-poverty policies. As for recognitionof the poverty situation, concepts of poverty and its various estimatingmethods are surveyed, and related opinions are summarized. In terms of causes of poverty, statistical and empirical analyses are conducted for rural and urban areas, respectively, causes of poverty are specified, and necessary counter-poverty measures for such areas are discussed. As for counter-poverty measures, the historical evolution, relation with various systems, and differences between urban and rural areas, etc., are taken into consideration, and the actual situation of counter-poverty measures is shown. Based on the above analysis, problems in the current counter-poverty measures are pointed out, and a future research agenda on poverty is suggested.
  www.fasid.or.jp/english/publication/occasional/poverty.html - November 16, 2004

• A Commentary on the Communist Party's Fifteenth Central Committee Plenary Session , Zhang, Chun Xiang
  The Communist Party of China's (CCP) fifteenth Central Committee's sixth meeting was held in Beijing from September 24 to 26th.Ê The meeting discussed "Strengthening the CCP and improving the Party's decision making style."Ê Following the conference, reports questioned China's future as a peacefully developing and stable country, the challenges facing relations with Taiwan, and Taiwan's role as a working model of democraticy.Ê The following article will comment on debate surrounding this governmental meeting.
  www.npic.edu.tw/~chchang/15th6.htm - December 2, 2004

• A Deserving Entry for Taiwan in WHO's Who , Government Information Office
  This online publication covers three topic areas:Ê "A Happier, Healthier Society: Public Health in the Republic of China (Taiwan);" "Taiwan, Human Rights, and the WHO -- Foundation of Medical Professionals Alliance in Taiwan;" and "Taiwan's Medical NGOs: An Important Link in World Health."Ê All sections are accompanied with colorful pictures and a thorough overview of each topic.
  www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/health/ - December 2, 2004

• A Learning Focus in Monitoring and Evaluating of Capacity Building: an example of a Participatory Technology Development Project , Wilkes, Andreas
  Quoted from abstract: "The Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge's Agro-pastoral Livelihood project aims to work with communities to develop relevant and effective technological and institutional innovations that can support local livelihoods. This process of technology development produces not only technologies but also new knowledge about the relevance and management of those technologies. To evaluate the impacts of the technology development process in one project site, we [CBIK] conducted an evaluation that covered both evaluation of technologies and evaluation of the learning that had taken place... This paper focuses on the lessons from the evaluation of learning processes."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP6%20ENGL.pdf - April 1, 2004

• A Study of Rattan Resource Management in Mengsong , Li, Zhinan & Yu, Bin
  The positive role that traditional culture can play in sustainable and effective resource management has received scant attention. More often, traditional culture is neglected when we look at today's impact on the environment and its current reality that communities face. This case study examines traditional resource management practices of the Hani minority in Mengsong. The study found: 1) By the end of 1980s rattan's popularity had grown and the rattan market became open to outside businessmen. Increasingly, local leaders and outside entrepreneurs exploited and inevitably depleted natural rattan resources. 2) On the other hand, the local culture has been preserved through private rattan cultivation by Mengsong villagers who utilize sustainable practices. The authors propose that further examinination of traditional rattan cultivation will help in finding a practical application of resource management. The authors also suggest resource management and related policies should include local villagers' direct involvement since it affects their livelihoods and places demands on their indigenous culture.
  www.cbik.org/cbik-cn/cbik/our_work/download/rattan%20governance%20in%20mengsong.pdf - April 1, 2005

• A Systematic Approach to Representing Local Knowledge: the use of Agro-ecological Knowledge Toolkit in Action Research on Rumex nepalensis , Shen, Shicai & Wilkes, Andreas
  Quoted from abstract: "This paper reports the use of the Agro-ecological Knowledge Toolkit (AKT) in action research on Rumex nepalensis Spreng., an invasive broadleaf plant found in alpine rangelands in NW Yunnan. The focus of this paper is on our experiences of developing a knowledge base using AKT software as part of our on-going research. Section 1 presents the origins of our research on local knowledge concerning Rumex nepalensis. Section 2 presents the AKT approach to research on local knowledge. Section 3 describes some of the procedures we used in developing the knowledge base and provides tips for other first time users. The final section discusses the potential uses of the knowledge base in our on-going action research project."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP3%20ENGL.pdf - January 1, 2004

• Advancing Intellectual Property Rights: Information Technologies and The Course of Economic Development in China , Oksenberg, Michel; Potter, Pitman B.; and Abnett, William B.
  The contributors to this issue of the "NBR Analysis" suggest an alternative, cooperative approach to effecting change in China's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime. The authors, Michel Oksenberg of Stanford University, Pitman B. Potter of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law, and William B. Abnett, chief China trade negotiator in the Reagan Administration, assess the conditions that help to nurture respect for intellectual property in China as well as the obstacles to effective IPR protection, and recommend that American corporate executives and policymakers cooperate with Chinese leaders to assist them in developing China's nascent IPR regime. Many Chinese leaders, particularly at the national level, are beginning to understand the need to protect intellectual property rights in order to integrate China into the international economy. Supporters of IPR within the leadership are buttressed by a developing domestic coalition that will have a vital stake in the enforcement of intellectual property rights.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol7no4/v7n4.pdf - January 1, 1996

• An Analysis of Household Livelihoods in Tuomunan Village, Xianggelila County, NW Yunnan , Zheng, Lisia
  Quoted from abstract: "This paper reports the results of a household survey in Tuomunan Village. The survey focused on household livelihoods and the roles of different assets. The survey found that the household can be divided into 'agriculture-dependant', 'livestock-dependant' and 'truck driving dependant' livelihood strategies. The paper analyzes some of the correlations between different assets holdings in order to explain why households may adopt for different livelihood strategies."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP5%20ENGL.pdf - March 1, 2004

• Analysis of China's Potential for Energy Consumption & Conservation , Energy Foundation & China National Institute of Standardization
  China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS) with the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) evaluate the energy conserving potential of China\'s domestic home appliance industry as well asÊindustrial equipment that useÊthe lowest standards for energy-efficiency.ÊÊBy 2020, CNIS and ACEEE predictÊthat China will implement energy-efficient standards that could potentially conserve 60 gigawatts a yearÊwhich wouldÊreduce the number of power plantsÊplanned for constructionÊby 200 (each power plant can produce up to 300 megawatts). Such a decrease would could mean that in the next 17 years, domestic consumption of energy could be reduced by 85%. In China, energy-efficient technologies and products are readily available, but presently the country is unable to implement or enforce energy-efficient standards that would promote their use. This report investigates theÊpresent level of energy-efficient industries in China, factories\' ability to produce new energy-efficient products, and trends in the development of energy-efficient technologies in ChinaÊand internationally.
  www.efchina.org/documents/Aanlysis_Fnl_CN.pdf - March 9, 2003

• Animal Husbandry and Resource Utilization in a Yi Community in Xiaolingshan, Ninglang County, Yunnan , Zheng, Chengjun
  Quoted from English version's abstract: "Upland farming and animal husbandry are both traditional productive activities among the Yi people in the Liangshan area. Historically, livestock have been the main case income source for local Yi people, and play important roles in economy, culture and other aspects of livelihoods in the community. Forty year after Liberation, many changes have taken place, including reforms of political and economic institutions as well as changes in the tenure arrangements for mountains, forest and grassland. In recent years, the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Programme has had strong impacts on traditional livestock raising and rangeland management patterns. Through a case study of one Yi community, this paper examines traditional rangeland management practices, existing conflicts and problems, and the impacts of tenure system change on rangeland management and livestock raising patterns."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/Zheng%202000%20CHIN.pdf - April 1, 2000

• Animal Husbandry and Resource Utilization in Yi community in Xialiangshan, Ninglang County, Yunnan , Zheng, Chengjun
  Quoted from abstract: "Upland farming and animal husbandry are both traditional productive activities among the Yi people in the Liangshan area. Historically, livestock have been the main case income source for local Yi people, and play important roles in economy, culture and other aspects of livelihoods in the community. Forty year after Liberation, many changes have taken place, including reforms of political and economic institutions as well as changes in the tenure arrangements for mountains, forest and grassland. In recent years, the implementation of the Natural Forest Protection Programme has had strong impacts on traditional livestock raising and rangeland management patterns. Through a case study of one Yi community, this paper examines traditional rangeland management practices, existing conflicts and problems, and the impacts of tenure system change on rangeland management and livestock raising patterns."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/Zheng%202000%20ENGL%20(draft).pdf - April 1, 2000

• Anticipation Is Making Me Wait: The "Inevitability of War" and Deadlines in Cross-Strait Relations , Mulvenon, James
  People\'s Republic of China (PRC) statements asserting the \"inevitability\" of war in the Taiwan Strait and imposing a deadline for resolution of the Taiwan question loom larger as facets of debate over potential conflict between the PRC and Taiwan, particularly with Taipei\'s proposed constitutional revision in 2006 and Beijing\'s hosting of the Olympics in 2008 on the horizon. On the one hand, Beijing may believe that asserting deadlines for resolution of the Taiwan question through nonauthoritative channels is useful psychologically to undermine morale in Taiwan and deter U.S. military intervention. On the other hand, PRC media commentary to the contrary continues to underscore the difficult trade-offs between specificity and flexibility in Beijing\'s policymaking toward Taiwan. On balance, the evidence suggests that Beijing\'s position toward Taiwan (and, by extension, toward the role of the United States in a future conflict) has hardened since President Chen Shui-bian\'s reelection in spring 2004, elevating prospects of a military crisis in the next four years.
  www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org/20044/jm.pdf - September 1, 2004

• Asia's China Debate , Limaye, Satu P.
  This second issue in the Special Assessment series of the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies delves into how countries in the region are thinking about and dealing with China. This Special Assessment includes a range of analyses that address ten country perspectives concerning China and issues such as China's historical relations with the region, its multilateral participation, economice growth and regional integration and its emerging regional and rail links
  www.apcss.org/Publications/SAS/ChinaDebate/Asias%20China%20Debate%20complete.pdf - December 1, 2003

• Asian security and China's energy needs , Dannreuther, Roland
  With China's increasing dependence on imports of oil and gas, the Chinese government has been engaged in defining and implementing an energy security policy. This paper examines the implications of this policy for the security interests of its regional neighbours. It is certainly plausible to construct alarming and realist-driven scenarios whereby China's quest for energy security leads to competition and regional confrontation. However, this paper argues that the prospect for energy interdependence promoting co-operation and an improved regional environment is an equally probable outcome. China's neighbours, and the West more generally, should promote policies that support this more benign outcome.
  irap.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/2/197 - August 1, 2003

• Bamboo Sprouts After the Rain: The History of University Student Environmental Associations in China , Lu, Hongyan
  Since 1990, Chinese university student environmental associations (SEAs) have rapidly increased in number. While concerns for the growing environmental degradation in China motivated students to create these green groups, Chinese environmental nongovernmental organizations, universities, local governments, and the news media have assisted SEA development. Student groups also are receiving assistance from eight citywide or regional green student networks, which are playing active roles as information providers, mini-grant distributors, and regional activity initiators. Two extensive surveys of Chinese SEAs reveal that in the late 1990s these groups expanded their scope of activities, but faced many challenges in finding funds and improving internal management capacity. Notably, after years of working to strengthen their groups and develop creative activities, SEA student leaders have acquired not only strong organizing skills but also environmental literacy and passion that they will integrate into their work as China\'s new generation of officials, teachers, entrepreneurs, reporters, and NGOs leaders.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/5-feature_4.pdf - August 1, 2003

• Beijing Red Guard Factionalism: Social Interpretations Reconsidered , Walder, Andrew
  A generation of research on Red Guard politics has traced the origins of its debilitating factionalism to social and political divisions that were well established among students on the eve of the Cultural Revolution. These social interpretations impute political motives to student activists according to their positions in the pre-Cultural Revolution status quo. However, a closer examination of events during the summer and early autumn of 1966 in Beijing where the Red Guards and their factional divisions first emerged suggests a different interpretation. Factions took shape when student activists from similar social backgrounds responded differently to ambiguous and rapidly changing political signals. These initial acts left students on opposite sides of a growing political divide and exposed them to unforeseen risks as the movement took unpredictable turns. In this interpretation, student divisions are rooted in political interactions in the early phases of the conflict itself. Red Guard factions did not emerge in Beijing as expressions of opposed group interests based on pre-existing social divisions, but as struggles to vindicate earlier actions and avoid the harsh fate of political victims.
  iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20204/Walder_Beijing.pdf - January 1, 2001

• Building Trust in the United States-China Relationship , Choate, Allen C.
  This paper expresses that the United States-China relationship lacks traction. There are neither sufficient mutually perceived common interests nor adequate and shared long-term goals in the relationship that allow both countries to weather the inevitable buffeting by single episodes and incidents. In recent times that list includes United States objections to what it considers to be human rights violations within China, China\'s entry into the World Trade Organization, United States charges of Chinese sales of weapons of mass destruction, the Hong Kong transition, the issue of Most Favored Nation status for China, the ongoing exposure of Asian contributions to American political campaigns, and Chinese state enterprise investments and sales in the United States. All of these issues not only influence the relationship, they actually drive it. The essay concludes with some suggestions about what needs to be done and what can be done to improve the relationship.
  www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/wp4.pdf - October 1, 1997

• Certification of Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems , Center for Resource Solutions
  This is a discussion of certification programs for off-grid renewable energy systems. It contains a summary of the two most prominent international bodies for small-scale solar certification and the issues associated with using these standards in combination with nationally developed standards. The memo gives two cases studies on PV certification work that is being done in China and Nepal.
  www.efchina.org/documents/Certification_of_RE_Systems.doc - September 29, 2001

• Changes in Child Care Methods in China's Orphanages , Wang, Tingyu
  This article discusses some of the progress that\'s been made concerning orphange care in China over the last 20 years.Ê However, the author also points to some of the inherent problemsÊwith the traditional attitudes and the older system of providing institutionalized care.Ê Currently, there is a shiftÊtoward care that\'s designed to provide children with a more family like settingÊand many orphanages are now focusing their efforts on providing foster care families for these children so they can grow up in healthier and happier surroundings.Ê This article also discusses the challenges with trying to makeÊsuch reforms more widespread.
  www.savethechildren.org.cn/job_6_4.html - January 1, 2003

• Changing the Rules of the Game: Macroeconomic Recontrol and the Struggle for Wealth and Power , Naughton, Barry
  The intensification of China's effort since April 2004 to reassert macroeconomic control has triggered a scramble for money and resources, as businesses and local governments faced an abrupt and unanticipated change in the overall economic climate. The scramble for resources has contributed to strains among regions and within the top leadership. It has also touched off conflicts among different business sectors—including state and private—as they maneuver to avoid the worst effects of reasserted macroeconomic control. The ultimate impact of the current imposition of macroeconomic control is still highly uncertain, and new consequences continue to ripple outward from this policy choice. The Fourth Plenum of the 16th Central Committee, scheduled for mid-September 2004, will bring these issues to a head, as the economic and political implications of macroeconomic recontrol become apparent and are worked through.
  www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org/20044/bn.pdf - September 1, 2004

• Children's Participation in China , West, Andy
  Quoted from author: \"This report looks at children’s participation in China from the experience of Save the Children UK, but draws on experience of work with partner and other agencies. For example in the first National China Children’s Forum held in 2001, in partnerships with the All China Women’s Federation, and with UNICEF and Plan International.Ê There are other Alliance members funding work in China, such as Save the Children Hong Kong and Save the Children Korea, and there has not been time to gather experiences from them, but it would seem that Save the Children UK is the major proponent of work in this area.\"
  www.savethechildren.org.cn/doc/job02.doc - January 1, 2004

• China and the WTO: the theory and practice of complicance , Gerald Chan
  This item requires a subscription to International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Online. Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 2001, attention has turned to the issue of whether or not China is a responsible member of the organization and how compliant China is with WTO rules. This article discusses the difficulties faced by China, as a responsible rising power, in trying to adjust itself to global trading norms. It examines the theory of compliance in international relations from the perspectives of neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and social constructivism, and then tests these perspectives by examining the mechanisms used to gauge China's compliance, both bilaterally by the United States and multilaterally through the Dispute Settlement Mechanism and the Transition Review Mechanism of the WTO. The result is mixed: different opinions exist as to how compliant China has been but, on the whole, most monitors agree that China has tried hard to comply with WTO requirements in various areas, though much remains to be done. The most severe tests will come in the next few years when China's financial and service sectors will have to face fundamental changes to the way they operate.
  irap.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/4/1/47 - February 1, 2004

• China and Tibet: Profiles of Tibetan Exiles , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "This report profiles five Tibetans living in exile in Dharamsala, India. All are in their late twenties or thirties, and all are originally from the areas known to Tibetan nationalists as Amdo and Kham. Today almost all of this territory lies in what Tibetans call "eastern Tibet" and Chinese call the Tibetan regions of Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai, and Yunnan provinces. Their stories show a common pattern: all had unusual access to education; all became involved in political activities through discussions at state schools or academies; all were arrested and detained by Chinese security forces for possession or circulation of published materials about the Dalai Lama or Tibetan independence; and some were tortured. The men's stories are similar to many others we heard in Dharamsala, and while we do not claim that five cases are illustrative of a broader pattern of repression, their accounts suggest that peaceful political activity in Tibetan areas outside the Tibetan Autonomous Region (T.A.R.) and its capital, Lhasa, is no more acceptable to authorities than it is in the T.A.R."
  www.hrw.org/reports/1999/tibet/ - September 1, 2000

• China Clean Energy Newsletter: Clean Power , Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
  This English-Chinese language newsletter discusses clean power and answers the questions, "What is Demand-Side Management (DSM) and why?" The newsletter also covers the NRDC's strategy for assisting China in moving towards cleaner power, in addition to the organization's national-level efforts and local initiatives.
  www.chinacleanenergy.org/docs/newsletters/newsletter%20sept03%20-%20final.pdf - August 1, 2003

• China Clean Energy Newsletter: Fuel Cells , Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
  This English-Chinese language newsletter discusses what a hydrogren fuel cell is and why Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) are good for China. The newsletter also covers NRDC's strategy and national-level efforts for fuel-cell vehicle development and commercialization in China.
  www.chinacleanenergy.org/docs/newsletters/newsletter%20Dec03%20-%20final.pdf - December 1, 2003

• China Clean Energy Newsletter: Green Buildings , Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
  This English-Chinese language newsletter answers the questions, "What are green buildings and why?" It also address the NRDC's strategy for promoting regulatory tools and market-based green building development and approaches used at the national and local level in China.
  www.chinacleanenergy.org/docs/newsletters/newsletter%20jul03%20-%20final.pdf - April 11, 2005

• China Enters WTO , Yamazawa, Ippei; Imai, Ken-ichi, ed.
  On the eve of China’s accession to the WTO, experts on China and the international economy from Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, and the U.S. present in-depth analysis of the impacts of the accession on China itself and on the economies that surround the country.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sympro/021.html - November 16, 2004

• China Migration Country Study , Pieke, Frank N, and Ping, Huang
  In this article, Dr. Ping, from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Sociology, and Dr. Pieke, from Oxford University's Institute of Chinese Studies, collaborate to present the history and contemporary nature of rural-urban labor migration. Their goal in doing so is to provide policy-makers makers with a practical background for designing and implementing pro-poor policies. In covering the history of rural-urban labor migration, the authors describe the characteristics of rural migrants in detail, including their motivations for migrating, education levels, points of origin, and differences in migration patterns between genders. The article also addresses institutional factors such as changes to the hukou system, priorities of policy-makers versus those of policy-implementors and migrants, and the over-arching relationship between migration, economics, and development in rural and urban areas.
  203.93.24.66/shxs/s09_shx/zlk/huangping/DFID_Web_Paper_3.pdf - June 22, 2003

• China on the Threshold of a Market Economy , Saich, Tony
  This essay examines China's progress in economic growth and the future challenges regarding further economic and political transition in the 21st century.
  www.ksg.harvard.edu/cbg/research/a.saich_cbg_china.threshold.pdf - March 1, 2001

• China Standard Time: A Study in Strategic Industrial Policy , Linden, Greg
  China’s industrial policy for high-technology industries combines key features of the policies pursued elsewhere in East Asia such as opening to foreign investors and supporting domestic firms. Leveraging its large market size, China has gone further than other developing countries by promoting standards for products that compete in China with products controlled by major electronics companies. This paper analyzes the experience to date of this Chinese policy in the consumer optical storage industry in the context of China’s evolving national innovation system. China’s standard-setting policy is politicized but ultimately pragmatic, which avoids imposing excessive costs on the economy. It may also have dynamic learning benefits for Chinese firms who are starting to compete in global markets.**It is possible that you may be restricted from viewing this article if you are not connecting from an institution that has site license to this publication.
  www.bepress.com/bap/vol6/iss3/art4/ - January 1, 2004

• China's changing images of Japan, 1989-2001: the struggle to balance partnership and rivalry , Rozman, Gilbert
  This item requires a subscription to International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Online. Chinese views of Japan, both official and popular, grew more negative after the end of the cold war. From 1989 to 1993 the Japanese side bears much of the blame for failing to overcome the distrust of the Chinese people. When the major deterioration in Japan\'s image occurred from 1994 to 1998, however, it was China's leadership that was chiefly responsible, arousing nationalist emotions. When China\'s leaders sought to reverse this process from 1999 to 2001 they were unsuccessful both because of the intensity of public emotions and the lack of reassurance from the Japanese leadership and public. Divisions inside China reveal the hesitation of leaders to foster a realistic image of Japan. By tracing the content of changing Chinese perceptions, we can observe the effects of overconfidence and insensitivity in each state and recognize the difficulty at times of uncertain national identity of finding a coordinated strategy for expanding mutual trust.
  irap.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2/1/95 - February 1, 2002

• China's Floating Population: New Evidence from the 2000 Census , Liang, Zai, and Ma, Zhongdong
  According to Population and Development Review, \\\"this article uses tabulations from the 2000 Population Census of China along with a micro-level data sample from the census to provide a picture of China\\\'s floating population: migrants without local household registration (hukou), a status resulting in significant social and economic disadvantages. By 2000, the size of China\\\'s floating population had grown to nearly 79 million, if that category is defined as migrants who moved between provinces or counties and resided at their destinations for six months or more. Intra-county floating migration is similarly large, contributing another 66 million to the size of the floating population. The article also discusses the geographic pattern of the floating population and the reasons for moving as reported by migrants. Policy implications are noted.\\\"
  web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=0319652614429d89a024385685065bc6&_docnum=1&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkVA&_md5=5dcb55d48e57829a34bf8370fb815ada - March 2, 2005

• China's Go West Campaign: Ecological Construction or Ecological Exploitation , Economy, Elizabeth
  (Article begins on page 5 of PDF) China\'s \"Go West\" campaign is designed to raise living standards in the largely impoverished western region of the country and more tightly integrate the border autonomous region of Tibet and Xinjiang with the rest of the country. The campaign harkens back to Maoist, and even Imperial, approaches to development and national security, embracing large-scale infrastructure projects and mass mobilization efforts. Traditionally, these grand-scale campaigns wreaked havoc on the natural environment. However, China\'s leaders are betting that by embracing \"ecological construction\" as one of the major tenets of the Go West campaign, they can avoid the environmental excesses of their predecessors and protect the already fragile ecology of the region. Early indications, however, are that the substance of the Chinese leaders\' commitment to environmental protection is lagging far behing its rhetoric, raising serious concern among Chinese experts and environmentalists as to the environmental and economic future of the West.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3C5.pdf - August 1, 2002

• China's Income Distribution over Time: Reasons for Rising Inequality , Perloff, Jeffrey M. and Wu, Ximing
  From the author\\\'s abstract: \\\"We use a new method to estimate China’s income distributions using publicly available interval summary statistics from China’s largest national household survey. We examine rural, urban, and overall income distributions for each year from 1985-2001. By estimating the entire distributions, we can show how the distributions change directly as well as examine trends in traditional welfare indices such as the Gini. We find that inequality has increased substantially in both rural and urban areas. Using an inter-temporal decomposition of aggregate inequality, we determine that increases in inequality within the rural and urban sectors and the growing gap in rural and urban incomes have been equally responsible for the growth in overall inequality over the last two decades. However, the rural-urban income gap has played an increasingly important role in recent years. In contrast, only the growth of inequality within rural and urban areas is responsible for the increase in inequality in the United States, where the overall inequality is close to that of China. We also show that urban consumption inequality (which may be a better indicator of economic well-being than income inequality) rose considerably.\\\"
  repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=are_ucb - March 21, 2005

• China's Minorities: The Case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur People , Gladney, Dru C.
  This report by renowned University of Hawai'i at Manoa Professor Dru C. Gladney for the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights analyzes the likelihood that Uyghur separatism in Xinjiang will lead to a weakened or collapsed China. Gladney's findings are that such a scenario is unlikely, for the following reasons: China's economic success has made Xinjiang too dependent upon Beijing; Uyghur Muslims are just as likely to quarrel with other ethinic minorities, including other Muslim groups, as they are with Beijing; Xinjiang does not appear to have the capabilities, in terms of economic structure or a power-base, to transition successfully from a Chinese province to a successful, independent state.
  www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/AllSymbols/79E5FCFFB0A0E39CC1256D26004661FC/$File/G0314169.pdf?OpenElement - April 22, 2005

• China's Muslim Separatists: Terrorists or Terrorized? , Nankivell, Nathan
  With a brief overview of the unrest between the ethnic Uygar minority's separatist Muslim movement in Xinjiang and Beijing, this article addresses current concerns in building a peaceful relationship between the two parties. Beijing views Xinjiang as a resource goldmine, with some of the largest oil and gas reserves in China. Beijing also sees its Muslim population as a threat, susceptible to terrorist separatist movements from neighboring minorities and Muslims in Western China and Central Asia, claiming that numerous Xinjiang Uygurs have trained with the mujaheddin in Pakistan. Meanwhile, human rights activists say that numerous Uygurs have suffered unjust discrimination, abuse, arrests, and even deaths at the hands of the dominant Han Chinese majority and their government officials.
  www.iir.ubc.ca/cancaps/chinaterror.pdf - April 22, 2005

• China's Post-WTO Technology Policy: Standards, Software, and the Changing Nature of Techno-Nationalism , Suttmeier, Richard P. and Yao, Xiangkui
  In recent years, through administrative action, legal innovation, and increased support for research and development, China has been actively developing a new technology policy based on the promotion of its own technical standards. These activities impinge upon business decisions and raise questions about China's commitment to honor its World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations, and are thus attracting increasing attention from foreign business leaders and government officials. This study reviews the origins and motivations for China's standards strategy, places it in the context of China's accession to the WTO, and examines the operation of China's new standards regime, with particular reference to standards for wireless devices and software. We suggest that the standards strategy is best understood in terms of a neotechno-nationalsim" in which technological development in support of national economic and security interests is pursued through leveraging the opportunities presented by globalization for national advantage. Unlike older forms of techno-nationalism, China's standards strategy necessarily requires attention to international norms, cooperation with foreign partners, and a recognition of the need for new forms of public-private accommodation.
  www.nbr.org/publications/special_report/SR7-China_Tech_Policy/ChinaTechPolicy.pdf - May 1, 2004

• China's Recent Approach To Asia: Seeking Long Term Gains , Sutter, Robert
  Robert Sutter, professor of Asian studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, analyzes the domestic motivations behind China's Asia policy and security framework. Although China's efforts to engage its Asian neighbors are often characterized as a response to perceived U.S. containment, Dr. Sutter argues that China's goals are more calculated and long term. At a time of economic and political transition, he maintains, China seeks to secure its foreign policy environment, promote economic exchanges that benefit its internal development, calm regional fears about its rising power and national intentions, and boost its regional and international power and influence. In these efforts, China has made considerable progress toward improving relations with most of its Asian neighbors. Nevertheless, these countries remain cautious about China's intentions as a rising power, and they continue to look to the United States as a desirable economic and security partner. As U.S. policymakers consider China policy, they must keep in mind that America's presence in Asia, especially in Central and South Asia, will largely determine whether current trends move in the direction of increased U.S. influence in the region or whether China will reassert its pre-September 11 efforts to restrict the U.S. presence in the region.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol13no1/13.1.pdf - March 1, 2002

• China's Rise in Asia - Promises, Prospects and Implications for the United States , Sutter, Robert G.
  In this Occasional Paper, Dr. Sutter\'s paper argues that China is moving in subtle ways, short of direct confrontation, to increase Chinese influence in Asia relative to that of the US. However, he notes that America\'s strengths in the region remain formidable and long-term. He argues that America should build on its strengths as the \"region\'s economic and security partner of choice\" through greater activism and greater sensitivity to the concerns of Asian countries. The US should also appreciate that China has an interest in maintaining peaceful relations with Washington.
  www.apcss.org/Publications/Ocasional%20Papers/OPChinas%20Rise.pdf - February 16, 2005

• China-India Relations Since Pokhran II: Assessing Sources of Conflict and Cooperation , Frazier, Mark W.
  This article assesses recent changes in bilateral relations between China and India following the South Asian nuclear tests of May 1998. As states, China and India share a number of similar problems and challenges, yet their bilateral relationship is one that remains fairly understudied by scholars and policy analysts. This gap in the literature is quickly being filled with new studies on Sino-Indian relations. This article first discusses China's fairly restrained reaction to India's nuclear tests and developments in Sino-Indian relations since 1998. It then examines several recent studies of various facets of the bilateral relationship. A number of institutional features particular to the foreign policy-making communities in China and India are identified as possible sources for the conduct of Sino-Indian relations and prospects for their future development analyzed. Among the most significant of these features is the degree of foreign policy conflict and consensus between civilian and military officials within each country.
  www.nbr.org/publications/review/vol3no2/v3n2.pdf - July 1, 2000

• China: Country Brief , U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, Intelligence Agency
  This brief gives a detailed description of China\'s role in drug trafficking as an origin, transfer, and destination point. It also includes information on the most common trafficked drugs, including synthetic ones, who trafficks them, China\'s domestic policies to address the problem, and collaboration with other nations to fight drug trafficking. Statistics on the number of drug arrests and seizures between 1995 and 2003 are included.
  www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/dea/product/china0204.pdf - April 27, 2005

• China: Energy Policy and Natural Gas Use , Asia Research Centre
  China currently sees natural gas as a major industry with the potential to deliver its long-term economic goals without undue environment harm, and a competitive scramble among prospective suppliers and investors is fast developing. The Chinese government plans to boost domestic gas consumption significantly. Realizing such a high-magnitude boost in demand will require massive capital input and offer a vast array of opportunities for Chinese and foreign investors alike, from exploration and pipeline construction to the building and operation of import terminals and various downstream operations . However, development of the natural gas industry in China is at an early stage and the viability and affordability of such an industry for China has yet to be proven. The book examines background of growth in Chinese gas consumption and outlines some scenarios of future developments in this direction.
  wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/reports/China_Energy_Policy_and_Natural_Gas_Use1.pdf - December 2, 2004

• China: Environmental Protection and Global Cooperation , Zhou, Fengqi
  China's explosive economic growth has created enormous environmental destruction and needs rapid attention. A raft of recent policy initiatives has helped, but much more is needed, especially an increase in the use of clean-coal technologies and the gradual phasing in of natural gas. It must also be recognized that this is a global problem that demands global solutions and careful consideration by the world's developed nations.
  www.nira.go.jp/publ/review/2001winter/fengqi.pdf - December 1, 2001

• China: Environmental Protection and Global Cooperation , Zhou, Fengqi
  China\'s explosive economic growth has created enormous environmental destruction and needs rapid attention. A raft of recent policy initiatives has helped, but much more is needed, especially an increase in the use of clean-coal technologies and the gradual phasing in of natural gas. It must also be recognized that this is a global problem that demands global solutions and careful consideration by the world\'s developed nations.
  www.nira.go.jp/publ/review/2001winter/fengqi.pdf - December 1, 2001

• China: From Exceptional Case to Global Participant , Skeldon, Ronald
  Quoted from author: "China has been and continues to be one of the great sources of international migration, so much so that Chinese people live in virtually every country of the world today. Towards the end of the 20th century, it was estimated that there were some 33 million ethnic Chinese living outside China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Large though this figure might appear, it is small compared with the total population of China itself, representing only 2.5 percent of a figure that presently exceeds 1.3 billion."
  www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=219 - April 1, 2004

• China: From Exceptional Case to Global Participant , Skeldon, Ronald
  This country profile provides a recent history on various forms of migration in China, Their role as the predominant group migrating to North America and Australasia is discussed, as well as recent indicators that Europe is becoming their preferred destination over North America. The status of irregular, or smuggled migrants, is also addressed.
  http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=219 - April 27, 2005

• China: State Control of Religion , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "Religion is becoming more and more important in China. In a country that remains officially atheist, conversions to Christianity have risen sharply, the country's 19 million Muslims are attracting the attention of their co-religionists elsewhere, and Buddhism is the fastest growing religion of all. The Chinese government acknowledges 100 million believers of all faiths out of a population of 1.2 billion, but it has been using the 100 million figure since the mid-1950s. In the kind of intrusive control the Chinese government exercises over religious activities, it violates the rights to freedom of association, assembly, and expression as well as freedom of religion. The only limitations that a government can impose, according to the declaration, are those necessary to secure 'due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others' and protecting 'morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.' The peaceful gathering of unregistered groups is no threat to morality, public order, or general welfare; China's onerous registration requirements are clearly an unnecessary limitation on freedom of religion, particularly when failure to register results in some of the penalties outlined above."
  www.hrw.org/reports/1997/china1/ - October 1, 1997

• Chine-U.S. Cooperation: Will It Last? , Jia, Qingguo
  The September terrorist attacks in the U.S. led to increased cooperation between the U.S. and Chinese governments against international terrorism. Dr. Jia will address the question of whether this is a marriage of convenience or a development of sustainable cooperation. Dr. Jia will argue that after twenty years of sweeping changes in China, the fundamental issue between China and the U.S. lies less in their substantive differences (economic, political, ideological and cultural) than in their differences in priorities. Dr. Jia will propose that Beijing and Washington can serve their best interests if the current emerging cooperative relationship is managed properly.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00064.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Chinese Immigration in the Russian Far East: Regional, National, and International Dimensions , Minakir, Pavel A.
  This is a chapter from the book "Cooperation and Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Implications for Migration", edited by Jeremy R. Azrael, Emil A. Payin, Kevin F. McCarthy, and Georges Vernez, and published by the Rand Corporation.Ê In his chapter 'Chinese Immigration in the Far East: Regional, National, and International Dimensions' Pavel Minakir explains the issue of Chinese migration in the Russian Far East. Hyped by local political elites and the media in Primorsky and Khabarovsk provinces, this issue led to the escalation of tensions between Russia and China during 1994. This burgeoning conflict, in addition to its immediate dampening effects on economic performance in the Russian Far East, complicated Moscow's effort to reestablish central political control of the region. As a result, the issue of Chinese migration has had a significant effect on Moscow's regional, national, and international policies.
  www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF130/CF130ch7.pdf - September 30, 2004

• Chinese Transnational Organized Crime: The Fuk Ching , Finckenauer, James O.
  Drawing upon data from the 2000 Transatlantic Workshop on Human Smuggling at Georgetown University and the work of pre-eminent Asian crime and smuggling researcher, Ko-lin Chin of Rutgers University, Finckenauer describes how the most infamous Chinese gang, Fuk Ching, operates. Highlighting the close relationships between triads and tongs, as well as the loose structure and random violence of Chinese gangs, Finckenauer provides the following conclusions: 1. While Chinese communities in America are fully aware of the problem of Chiense gangs, they are powerless to stop them without better law enforcement on their side. 2. Chinese gang activity rarely registers with the greater U.S. population, except in cases of human smuggling, for which Chinese gangs like Fuk Ching are becoming renowned.
  www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/chinese.html - May 2, 2005

• Collective Management of Improved Forage in Zhongdian County, Deqin, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Northwest Yunnan, P.R. China , Xie, Hongyan; Richard, Camille; Xu, Jianchu; and Wang, Jianhua
  Quoted from summary: "Deqin Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Yunnan Province. Due to the implementation of the logging ban in this area, the industry structure of Deqin has changed, with a growing interest and income in tourism, animal husbandry, biological resources and hydro-electricity. Animal husbandry has a long history locally and is the major livelihood base in Deqin Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; therefore, the logging ban provides a good opportunity for its further development. At present there are problems in improving animal husbandry. One of the most serious problems is the lack of forage to support increasing herd numbers and the subsequent degradation of grasslands due to over-grazing, especially winter pastures near settlements... Based on one year's intensive field surveys in pilot communities of Zhongdian County of Deqin Prefecture, the present situation and associated issues relating to the use of artificial grasslands are discussed. Some suggestions on local animal husbandry are also presented."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/Xie%20et%20al%202001.pdf - April 1, 2001

• Commerce And Culture: A Reader on Japan , Indiana University
  A report produced in conjunction with the second conference in the Culture & Commerce in Asia series sponsored by the East Asian Studies Center and the Global Center for International Business (GCIB) at Indiana University.
  www.indiana.edu/%7Eeasc/resources/commerce_culture/index.htm - January 27, 2005

• Cooperating to Compete , China Brief
  With the increased competitive pressures that WTO will bring, many Chinese and international experts believe that Chinese agriculture will need to move towards greater regional and sectoral specialisation, with improved production, storage and processing technologies and better market information and analysis. Farmer's associations may have the potential to fill some of the gaps left by shrinking government provision, in a way that is more farmer-driven, or at any rate more responsive to farmers' needs, than an extension system traditionally geared to meeting government objectives such as increasing grain yields. However, many farmer-initiated organizations are now facing difficulties.
  www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/article.asp?art=337&sec=19&sub=1&toc=1 - December 1, 2000

• Crouching Suspicions, Hidden Potential: United States Environmental and Energy Cooperation with China , Baldinger, P. and Turner, J.
  As stated in the authors\' executive summary: \"This paper explores the opportunities and challenges for the United States to develop a coherent approach to energy and environmental relations with China. This exploration begins with an overview of China\'s impact on global energy markets and environmetal quality. In addition to examining the scope of such cooperation, the paper discusses commercial opportunities and challenges for U.S. environmental technology and energy efficiency companies in China.\"
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3D3.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong , Human Rights Watch
  This article is available for purchase online for $10.00. Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "The Chinese government is using new laws and new interpretations of old laws to crack down on the Falungong, Human Rights Watch says in this report. today. Falungong members have been classified with Tibetan and Uighur 'splittists' and unauthorized religious groups as a major threat to the Communist Party, Human Rights Watch said. This 117-page report, Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong, analyzes why and how the Chinese government embarked on a plan to eradicate the group it terms an 'evil cult.' In recent documents, the Chinese government has suggested that Falungong is a terrorist organization. The new report traces the evolution of the Chinese government's crackdown, starting with the July 1999 ban on the hierarchically-organized meditation group, which now boasts millions of members worldwide. From the initial ban, the government moved on to prohibit practicing the group's exercises in public, and to confiscate and destroy hundreds of thousands of copies of its publications."
  store.yahoo.com/hrwpubs/danmedchinca.html - February 7, 2002

• Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era , Munro, Robin
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "The Chinese government should immediately release anyone held in institutions for the mentally ill based on a politically motivated diagnosis, Human Rights Watch and the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry said in this report. The government should also end the longstanding practice of using psychiatric incarceration for political ends. In the 298-page report, Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era, Human Rights Watch and the Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry, a Netherlands-based international foundation, compare the treatment of dissidents in mental asylums to similar abuses in the former Soviet Union. The sentencing of political dissidents to special psychiatric hospitals on the basis of false diagnoses led to the forced withdrawal of the Soviet Union from the WPA in 1983 and it was not readmitted until 1989, after the Gorbachev reforms had brought an end to systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union."
  http://hrw.org/reports/2002/china02/china0802.pdf - August 13, 2002

• Dealing with the Bad Loans of the Chinese Banks , Bonin, John and Huang, Yiping
  This discussion paper was authored by John Bonin, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Wesleyan University and Yiping Huang, Fellow, Economics Division, Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management, The Australian National University. The paper discusses the fragile state of China\'s banking sector and the Chinese government\'s introduction of a set of reform measures meant to reduce financial risks and build a strong banking system. The authors also make recommendations for modifying the current proposals drawing from experiences and lessons learned from the Resolution Trust Corporation in the United States and bank restructuring in Central European transition economies.
  www.columbia.edu/cu/business/apec/publications/boninhuang.pdf - July 1, 2000

• Democratization in the Greater China Region , Pei, Minxin
  In this essay, Professor Minxin Pei examines the main findings on the causes and progress of democratization in Greater China. The difference stages in the process of democratization have tremendous implications for relations among China, Taiwan and the United States. The author identifies four areas of political liberalization in Mainland China that are likely to stimulate further democratic reforms: (1) the rapid growth of civic organizations with at least some independence from the state; (2) increased institutional identity and autonomy of the National People's Congress; (3) progress in legal reform; and (4) direct election of village leaders.
  www.nbr.org/publications/review/vol1no2/v1n2.pdf - June 1, 1998

• Demolished: Forced Evictions and the Tenants' Rights Movement in China , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "Chinese local authorities and developers are forcibly evicting hundreds of thousands of homeowners and tenants who have little legal recourse. China's rapid urban development, fueled in Beijing by preparations for the 2008 Olympics, is leading to the eviction of homeowners and tenants in violation of Chinese law and international standards on the right to housing. This 45-page report details the problems many Chinese citizens face."
  hrw.org/reports/2004/china0304/china0304.pdf - March 1, 2004

• Deterring Conflict in the Taiwan Strait: The Successes and Failures of Taiwan's Defense Reform and Modernization Program , Swaine, Michael D.
  The Taiwan Strait is one of the two places in the Asian Pacific where a major war could break out; the other place is the Korean Peninsula. For over fifty years, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, or Taiwan) have maintained an uneasy peace across the Strait, punctuated by brief periods of limited conflict or by occasional military displays. This paper examines that program in some detail. The first section looks at the basic objectives of Taiwan’s defense reform and modernization programs and the successes and failures to date. The second section assesses the underlying reasons for those successes and failures. A final section assesses the prospects for the future and the implications for U.S. policy and U.S.–ROC relations.
  www.ceip.org/files/pdf/CP46.SWAINE.final.PDF - January 18, 2005

• Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "This 114-page report is based on previously undisclosed Communist Party and government documents, as well as local regulations, official newspaper accounts, and interviews conducted in Xinjiang. It unveils for the first time the complex architecture of law, regulation, and policy in Xinjiang that denies Uighurs religious freedom, and by extension freedom of association, assembly, and expression. Chinese policy and law enforcement stifle religious activity and thought even in school and at home."
  hrw.org/reports/2005/china0405/china0405.pdf - April 1, 2005

• Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang (Summary & Recommendations) , Human Rights Watch
  Summary and recommendations of the English language 114-page report based on previously undisclosed Communist Party and government documents, as well as local regulations, official newspaper accounts, and interviews conducted in Xinjiang. The report unveils for the first time the complex architecture of law, regulation, and policy in Xinjiang that denies Uighurs religious freedom, and by extension freedom of association, assembly, and expression. Chinese policy and law enforcement stifle religious activity and thought even in school and at home. (Chinese)
  hrw.org/chinese/reports/2005/china0405sum&reco.pdf - April 20, 2005

• Economic Estimate of the Impact of WTO Accession by Taiwan , Mastel, Greg
  For this study, an attempt was made to measure the potential increase in imports in each of the aforementioned industrial and agricultural sectors40. This exercise required data for the top-7 imports for each sector in 1998; tariff rates at accession and the liberalization timetable; the incorporation of non-tariff measures; and own-price elasticities for each product. Assumptions about endogenous import demand during the phase-in period were also required.
  ekm92.trade.gov.tw/BOFT/web/report_detail.jsp?data_base_id=DB010&category_id=CAT434&report_id=260 - December 2, 2004

• Economic History of Premodern China , Deng, Kent
  China has the longest continually recorded history in the premodern world. For economic historians, it makes sense to begin with the formation of China’s national economy in the wake of China’s unification in 221 BC under the Qin. The year 1800 AD coincides with the beginning of the end for China’s premodern era, which was hastened by the First Opium War (1839–42). Hence, the time span of this article is two millennia.
  eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=deng.china - March 3, 2005

• Energy Conservation May Regenerate Funds for Energy Development Research , Energy Foundation
  Energy conservation and the development of alternative energy is of significant interest to both China\'s policy makers and the public. In this report the trend towards energy conservation in China is seen as a sign that we are likely to see public funding for energy research and development rejuvenated. This report focuses on what is needed to embark upon an energy conservation campaign, and how the establishment of such would lead to a revival of energy-based research in China. The authors frame their proposal by addressing some of the main questions regarding the establishment, disposition, management and surveillance of energy conservation and research in China.
  www.efchina.org/documents/PBF2_Rept_final_0405.pdf - May 1, 2004

• Environmental Awareness in Developing Countries , Nishihara, Sigeki at al.
  The volume provides a comprehensive discussion of the environmental degradation on the global scale andÊthe discource of North-South relations, and case-studies of China and Thailand.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Des/003.html - November 16, 2004

• Europe Attracts More Migrants from China , Laczko, Frank
  While North America, specifically the U.S. and Canada, is traditionally the preferred destination for Chinese migrants, Laczko finds that Europe is becoming increasingly popular. He sees this in an increase in the regions from which Chinese migrants come, the rapid rate of increase in their arrival in Europe, a growing use of new modes of migration, such student migration and irregular migration.
  www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=144 - April 27, 2005

• Evaluation of Policies Designed to Promote the Commercialization of Wind Power Technology in China , The Ministry of Science & Technology, The State Development Planning Commission, & The State Economice & Trade Commission (P.R. of China)
  China is looking for ways to create a commercially self-sustaining wind power industry. \"Evaluation of Policies Designed to Promote the Commercialization of Wind Power Technology in China,\" analyzes the economics and regulatory environments of wind power in countries where the industry is well established. The report recommends policies to accelerate the wind energy industry in China, particularly through incentive policies. The Center for Renewable Energy Development and Beijing Jikedian Renewable Energy Development Center authored this report.
  http://www.efchina.org/documents/WindPowerTech-complete.pdf - May 15, 2002

• Evaluation of Policies Designed to Promote the Commercialization of Wind Power Technology in China , The Ministry of Science and Technology, The State Development Planning Commission, & The State Economic and Trade Commission
  China is looking for ways to create a commercially self-sustaining wind power industry. \"Evaluation of Policies Designed to Promote the Commercialization of Wind Power Technology in China\" analyzes the economics and regulatory environments of wind power in countries where the industry is well established. The report recommends policies to accelerate the wind energy industry in China, particularly through incentive policies. The Center for Renewable Energy Development and Beijing Jikedian Renewable Energy Development Center authored this report.
  www.efchina.org/documents/WindPowerTech-complete.pdf - May 15, 2002

• Exclusionary Policies and Practices in Chinese Minority Education: The Case of Tibetan Education , Johnson, B. & Chhetri, N.
  Quoted from authors: "This paper examines how the government of the People's Republic of China (hereafter referred to as China) modifies its educational policies to achieve separate and distinct regional objectives, which are linked to regional and ethnic differences. These policies often result in exclusionary practices. Using the case of the Chinese region of Tibet, this paper illustrates the dichotomy of Chinese educational policy: how to achieve universal education for all students and at the same time contain regional ethnic resistance against the communist government and maintain national unity."
  www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/articles/bjnc122.pdf - April 30, 2000

• Financing Off-Grid PV , Center for Resource Solutions
  This memo outlines different schemes that have been used to finance solar PV projects including cash financing, credit financing, and leasing. The memo provides case studies from different countries and an analysis of lessons learned.
  www.efchina.org/documents/Financing_off_grid_PV.doc - July 12, 2001

• First Steps to Literacy in Chinese classrooms , Ingulsrud, J. & Allen, K.
  In a country as linguistically diverse as China, a central feature in the process of teaching children to read is the creation of a national identity which involves teaching first year children to speak the national language. In this process of acquiring literacy, children discover not only their national identity, but also identities linked to global and local contexts as well as gender identities.Ê Through textbook illustrations, children are exposed to gender-based roles that depict social realities instead of social ideals. Yet not all have access to school, particularly children in rural and minority areas, and migrant workers’ children in the cities. The authors here illustrate the ways some of the identities are represented in school textbooks. These representations indicate the enormous gap between urban children and the realities of most Chinese children who live in rural areas.
  www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/articles/ka152.pdf - May 12, 2003

• Focus on China , Harding, Harry
  "Focus on China" addresses a broad range of issues in U.S.-China relations, including domestic challenges facing China today. Dr. Harry Harding, Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and Trustee of The Asia Foundation, hosted the seminar held in Washington D.C. on March 20, 1997, and offers his reflections on U.S.-China policy, which are included in this publication. \"Focus on China\" also shares individual perspectives from China: Dr. Fan Gang, Director of the National Economic Institute and China Reform Foundation in Beijing, who addressed issues of economic reform; Ms. Zhang Ye, Program Consultant for The Asia Foundation in Beijing, and an expert on the nongovernmental sector in China; and Mr. Allen Choate, The Asia Foundation's Director of Program Development for China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, who discussed local governance in China.
  www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/focusonchina.pdf - March 20, 1997

• Foreign Direct Investment in China: Effects on Growth and Economic Performance , Graham, Edward M. & Wada, Erika
  In this article, the authors account for one of the major economic success stories of the past 10 years, foreign direct investment (FDI) in China.
  www.iie.com/publications/wp/2001/01-3.pdf - April 1, 2001

• Foreign Technology in China's Automobile Industry: Implications for Energy, Economic Development, and Environment , Sims Gallagher, Kelly
  Although there are still relatively few cars in China today, with the accession to the World Trade Organization demand for passenger cars is expected to grow substantially during the coming decades. To tap into this exploding market and acquire more advanced technology, all the major Chinese auto manufacturers have established joint ventures with foreign companies. This paper explores the role of foreign automakers--particularly the Big Three (Ford, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler)--in transferring technology. Although these foreign firms have helped to modernize the automobiles on the road today, emissions control and fuel efficiency technology installed in Chinese cars is considerably behind European, Japanese, and U.S. levels. Foreign firms and the Chinese government share the responsibility to correct this laggardness.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/2-feature_1.pdf - September 1, 2003

• From Rice Bowl to Safety Net: Insecurity and Social Protection during China's Transition , Cook, Sarah
  Quoted from abstract: "Alongside economic growth, inequality and insecurity have increased rapidly in China. Groups formerly excluded from the security of the 'iron rice bowl' are now excluded from new forms of social assistance, often designed to compensate those losing livelihood guarantees. There is thus a need for new safety-net measures, both to assist the most vulnerable and least secure members of society throughout the transition, and to enhance their longer-term security. This article argues that compensatory arrangements can be effective only alongside a complementary set of social protection policies including increased investment in human resources. Better-designed interventions could strengthen rather than undermine existing informal safety nets, and allow an expanded role for nongovernmental organisations in social protection." This is a Blackwell Publishing paper. Blackwell Publishing charges $25.00 for this paper.
  papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=368771 - February 12, 2003

• Going Too Far: Bush's Pledge to Defend Taiwan , Carpenter, Ted Galen
  This foreign policy briefing discusses the implications of the U.S. government's security commitment to Taiwan. The author also address the key factors involved in determining whether the United States can deter conflict between China and Taiwan amidst China\'s growing military capabilities.
  cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb66.pdf - May 30, 2001

• Governing Marine and Coastal Environment in China: Building Local Government Capacity Through International Cooperation , Chen, Sulan & Uitto, Juha
  Over the past two decades, rapid economic growth has brought considerable wealth and development to China\'s eastern provinces, where the explosion of industrialization and urbanization has created severe environmental degradation along the country\'s 20,000-kilometer coastline. Damage to China\'s coasts is but one area of severe environmental degradation in China, for the quest for economic growth at any cost has had equally dramatic consequences on the quality of the air, land, and water throughout the country. The Chinese government has resorted to two channels--increased local autonomy and international assistance--to address the country\'s environmental degradation. Since the 1980s, the Chinese leadership has been turning to the international community for financial and technical assistance to supplement its environmental protection efforts. In China, as in other developing countries, international and bilateral organizations offering environmental protection assistance interact mainly with national-level governments and organizations. International involvement in community-level environmental initiatives has been dominated by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The middle-level agents--Chinese local governments, which ultimately implement all environmental policies--have largely been ignored by international organizations. This paper highlights the importance of local-level governance for China\'s environmental protection and explores why it is essential for international organizations to help increase the capacity of local governance of China\'s coastal and marine environment. Linking these more empowered local governments with international assistance could fundamentally change the way in which China deals with environmental challenges.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/6-feature_5.pdf - August 1, 2003

• History of China's Performing Art , University of Toronto
  An historical overview of Chinese theatre, a reading of selected texts, viewing of videotaped performances and class discussions of the characteristics of this art form.
  www.artsandscience.utoronto.ca/ofr/calendar/crs_eas.htm#EAS233H1 - January 13, 2005

• How's Hu Doing? , Miller, H. Lyman
  In this article, H. Lyman Miller, a research fellow at theÊHoover Institution, assesses the performance of Chinese President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao in the first first few months after taking over the reins of China\'s leadership from Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji. Miller discusses their domestic policy in terms of social and economic reforms, as well as Hu and Wen\'s response to SARS and foreign policy regarding the U.S. in Kosovo and Iraq, multi-lateral talks with North Korea, and also the Taiwan issue. Miller concludes with a report card that indicates that while Hu Jintao\'s China will never display democracy by U.S. standards, it will surely aim to be more open and liberal than the China of his predecessor.
  www.hooverdigest.org/041/miller.html - April 25, 2005

• Human Rights and Cultural Values: The Political Philosophies of the Dalai Lama and the People's Republic of China , Powers, C. John
  In this article, the author explores the universal definition of human rights versus how this is interpreted by a country such as the People\'s Republic of China, one of the world\'s most renowned human rights abusers. The article also delves in Western assumptions about Chinese culture as well as the Chinese government\'s current attitude towards issues involving human rights.
  www.pacificrim.usfca.edu/research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport2.html - June 1, 1997

• Ideas for Child Participation and the Exploration of New Practices , Yang, Haiyu
  In 1989, the United Nation\'s Convention on the Rights of the Child provided a basic legal framework for international law concerning children\'s issues. However, each individual, each culture, each society and each country will interpret children\'s rights differently. In this article we discuss some of the ideas and problems that have arisen concerning child participation in China.
  www.savethechildren.org.cn/doc/job06.doc - August 1, 2001

• In Whose Interest?: "State Security" in China's New Criminal Code , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "The National People's Congress took the historic step at its annual session in March of eliminating crimes of 'counterrevolution' from the criminal code, a step that at first glance seemed to indicate movement toward greater respect for the rule of law. But in fact, China merely replaced the term with the equally elastic notion of 'endangering state security' and actually broadened the capacity of the state to suppress dissent. This report is a detailed analysis of the provisions of China's new law relating to national security concerns, pointing out the changes and additions in the revisions as compared with the 1979 version; gives a brief overview of two other key security laws, the State Security Law and the State Secrets Law, which further elucidate the notion of 'endangering state security'; assesses the past use of the crime of 'counterrevolution' and points out how the changes in the law are affecting how the state treats dissent. The report also contains several appendices comprising the full texts of some of the laws mentioned in the report and a list of individuals sentenced in the last two years to prison or reeducation through labor for political 'crimes.'
  www.hrw.org/reports/1997/china5/ - April 1, 1997

• India-China Relations: Issues, Trends and Emerging Scenarios , Jain, B.M.
  This paper examines some vitally important issues and trends in India-China relations, from the early 1950s to the present. It critically surveys how their \"flowering\" in the early 1950s, based on peaceful co-existence, was suddenly transformed into mutual hostility following the 1962 border war and then explains the new phase of improvement in their ties since Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in 1988. This paper argues that despite divergences in the perception and approaches of New Delhi and Beijing on issues such as Sino-Pakistan military and strategic ties and India’s Tibet policy, both countries have enormous potential and opportunities to expand and deepen their economic ties in their mutual interests. Finally, this paper discusses the emerging scenarios of India-China relations and examines how these two countries can cooperate to establish a better global political and economic order by addressing the problems of developing countries on the issues of poverty, sustainable development and human rights, including alternative mechanisms to counter the current trend towards unilateralism in the international system.
  www.hku.hk/cas/pub/Occasional1_bmjain.pdf - November 11, 2004

• International Experience with Public Benefits Funds: A Focus on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency , Energy Foundation
  Renewable energy and energy efficiency investments have long been supported through public policy efforts in a wide array of countries. Public benefits funds (PBFs) are one of several policy tools that might be used to provide this support, and PBFs have become increasingly common in recent years, especially as competition in the electricity industry has increased. While the objectives of different PBF programs are often similar, the structures and means to deliver energy efficiency and renewable energy services through PBFs show much wider variation across countries and U.S. states. This report summarizes international experience with PBF policies that target renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) investments, and identifies lessons learned from these experiences that are applicable to the Chinese context.
  www.efchina.org/documents/China_PBF_101603_final.pdf - October 16, 2003

• International Experience with Public Benefits Funds: A Focus on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency , Hamrin, J., Murray, C., Weston, R. & Wiser, R.
  Renewable energy and energy efficiency investments have long been supported through public policy efforts in a wide array of countries. Public benefits funds (PBFs) are one of several policy tools that might be used to provide this support, and PBFs have become increasingly common in recent years, especially as competition in the electricity industry has increased. While the objectives of different PBF programs are often similar, the structures and means to deliver energy efficiency and renewable energy services through PBFs show much wider variation across countries and U.S. states. This report summarizes international experience with PBF policies that target renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) investments, and identifies lessons learned from these experiences that are applicable to the Chinese context.
  www.efchina.org/documents/China_PBF_101603_final.pdf - October 16, 2003

• Inventory of Environmental Work in China , Woodrow Wilson Center
  This inventory aims to paint a clearer picture of the patterns of aid and investment in environmental protection and energy-efficiency projects in the People\'s Republic of China. The inventory highlights a total of 118 organizations and agencies in this inventory and provide information on 359 projects. The five categories of the inventory are Part I: U.S. Government Environmental and Energy Activities; Part II: U.S. and International Nongovernmental Organization Activities; Part III: U.S. Universities and Professional Associations; Part IV: Chinese and Hong Kong Environmental NGO Activities; Part V: Bilateral Government Activities.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3CD.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Investments in Human Capital and Their Impacts on Regional Disparities in China , Du, Yang and Wang, Meiyan
  Using statisical analysis and empirical data, these researchers from China\'s Academy of Social Sciences assess the effects of health, education and fertility onÊregional disparities in growth and human capital development. They apply this analysis in providing recommendations for relating human capital development to economic growth in China. Simplified Chinese text software will facilitate reading this report, as some of the authors\' supporting data is provided only in simplified Chinese.
  www.cass.net.cn/chinese/s06_rks/chrrsite/paper/working%20paper%2017.PDF - March 23, 2005

• Is China Taking Actions to Limit its Greenhous Gas Emissions? , Zhang, ZhongXiang
  As the world's second largest carbon emitter, China has long been criticised as a "free-rider" enjoying the benefits from other country's efforts toward abating greenhouse gas emissions but without taking due responsibilities of its own. It has been singled out as the major target at the subsequent negotiations after the Kyoto curtain had fallen. By analyzing the historical contributions of inter-fuel switching, energy conservation, economic growth and population expansion to China\'s carbon dioxide emissions during the period 1980-97, this article first indicates that the above criticism cannot hold its ground. Then the article envisions some efforts and commitments that could be expected from China until its per capita income catches up with the level of middle-developed countries. With their focus on the win-win strategies, these efforts and commitments could be unlikely to severely jeopardize the Chinese economic development and, at the same time, give China more leverage at the post-Kyoto climate change negotiations.
  www.weathervane.rff.org/refdocs/zhang_china.pdf - August 20, 1998

• Japan and the Engagement of China: Challenges for U.S. Policy Coordination , Armacost, Michael H. and Pyle, Kenneth B.
  Dr. Armacost and Dr. Pyle show that U.S. policy in East Asia has sought to prevent the domination in the region by any one power, to keep the region open to American trade and investment, and to seek the spread of democratic government in order to ensure peace and stability in the region. With the rise of China and uncertainty about its national purpose, the U.S. role in the region is in question. Japan, highly dependent on the United States for security, wants U.S. help in containing China, but, at the same time, Japanese criticism of U.S. military presence and "hegemonic intentions" in the region is increasingly vocal. Concerns about China's intentions toward Taiwan and the uncertainty surrounding reunification of the Korean Peninsula continue to justify a U.S. military presence, but economic and political engagement must also be pursued. In light of these challenges, the Bush administration seems poised to pursue new approaches in East Asia.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol12no5/12.5.pdf - December 1, 2001

• Leadership Policy toward Taiwan and the United States in the Wake of Chen Shui-bian's Reelection , Suettinger, Robert L.
  It is hardly surprising that the People\'s Republic of China (PRC) reacted negatively to the reelection of Chen Shui-bian as president of the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. Leading up to the March 20, 2004, election, Beijing adopted a careful, low-key approach, in contrast to its missile launches in 1996 and its shrill threats in 2000. But there was little doubt that it hoped Chen would be defeated by the pan-blue coalition of the Kuomintang (KMT) and People First Party (PFP). In the run-up to Chen\'s victory, Beijing had once again failed to influence events in Taiwan. Still, the narrow margin of victory, the recount, the court challenge, and hopes that Chen might adopt an accommodating stance on cross-Strait relations in his May 20 inauguration speech all apparently combined to stay Beijing\'s hand. Now that Chen\'s speech has been delivered, assessed, and found wanting, however, high-level officials, media commentators, and \"track two\" scholars are pressing a harsher, more confrontational line. The revised approach will have consequences both for China\'s relations with the United States and perhaps on the domestic front as well.
  www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org/20043/rs.pdf - July 1, 2004

• Legal Aid in China , Choate, Allen C.
  An examination of China\'s recently established national legal aid program. This paper discusses the origins, purposes, and motives of legal aid in China, the structure and operation of the new public legal aid program, issues of eligibility and scope of coverage, and financial and technical support. It concludes with some preliminary observations about the meaning of public aid for law reform in China. The paper includes some actual case summaries from legal aid centers in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces of China.
  www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/wp12.pdf - April 1, 2000

• Local Environment Management in China , Beach, Marilyn
  Quoted from the author: "For the past 20 years, China's most pressing imperative has been economic development. This priority has driven all policy decision-making in all sectors, and environmental policy has been no exception. The Chinese leadership considers maintaining high employment rates and increasing income as key requirements in the quest for a strong economy, a stable society, and not least of all, the survival fo the Communist party. Yet unregulated industrialization and urbanization, combined with the absence of effective environmental protection mechanisms have created worsening environmental conditions in China. While Chinese leaders at the central, provincial, and local levels clearly recognize the compelling need to deal with burgeonig environmental concerns, they struggle with the natural tension that exits between facilitating economic growth and promoting a healthy environment."
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3D9.pdf - January 1, 2000

• Local factions and the Kuomintang in Taiwan's electoral politics , Wu, Chung-li
  This item requires a subscription to International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Online. Local factions in Taiwan exert considerable influence over elections, facilitating their role as intermediaries in both the candidate selection process and grassroots voter mobilization. This study examines the tangled relationship between the Kuomintang (KMT) and local factions in the electoral process. For decades, the KMT used patronage to ally itself with local factions to maintain its dominance in elections and to legitimize its governing base. Its monopoly over economic privilege permitted the authoritarian KMT regime to construct electoral alliances with local factions by sharing political power and material benefits with them in exchange for their KMT allegiance. Although factional allegiances serve the interests of the KMT, its alliance bonds are far from permanent. Change in electoral politics, then, is one of the best vantage points from which to observe the transformed relationship between the KMT and local factions. Furthermore, due to its flourishing economic relationship with mainland China since the late 1980s, the Taiwan government has come under pressure from local factions to adopt more liberal trade policies toward China. This research concludes that factionalism should remain an important component in Taiwan's political and economic arenas for the foreseeable future.
  irap.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/1/89 - February 1, 2004

• Local Governance in China, Part II: An Assessment of Urban Residents Committees and Municipal Community Development , Choate, Allen C.
  Part II of Local Governance in China describes the evolution and role of Residents Committees in contemporary China, and places Residents Committees in their contemporary urban environment, especially with respect to their relations with formal municipal government. This paper addresses municipal community development and urban social services, and the role of the Residents Committees in the management and delivery of those services. The paper concludes with an analysis of the problems and prospects for both Residents Committees specifically, and municipal social service organization and community development more generally.
  www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/wp10.pdf - November 1, 1998

• Local Governance in China: An Assessment of Villagers Committees , Choate, Allen C.
  For the past eight years, residents of China's approximately one million villages have been franchised under the experimental Organic Law on Villagers Committees, passed by the National People's Congress in late 1987. Under the law, villagers directly elect committees to serve three-year terms and administer the village\'s affairs. Today, there are roughly 930,000 Villagers Committees. This development of local governance in China, and particularly the phenomenon of direct, competitive elections for Villagers Committee seats, increasingly has attracted the attention of the international community. This paper explores the validity, implications, motives, and possible outcomes of this movement in China.
  www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/wp1.pdf - February 1, 1997

• Locked Doors: The Human Rights of People Living with HIV/AIDS in China , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "Widespread discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS is fueling the spread of the epidemic in China. This 94-page report is based on more than 30 interviews with people with HIV/AIDS, police officers, drug users, and AIDS outreach workers in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Yunnan province. Many people living with HIV/AIDS have no access to health care because hospitals refuse to treat them. Human Rights Watch found that at one hospital, the door to the AIDS clinic was actually padlocked. National laws discriminate against people with HIV/AIDS, and some local laws ban them from using swimming pools or working in food service. The police send drug users to detoxification centers, where they are forced to labor without pay to make trinkets for tourists. Instead of receiving help for their problem, they are driven underground, making it harder for the government to combat the AIDS virus."
  www.hrw.org/reports/2003/china0803/china0903short.pdf - August 1, 2003

• Locked Doors: The Human Rights of People Living with HIV/AIDS in China (Chinese) , Human Rights Watch
  This is the Chinese translation of the summary, testimonies, and recommendations of the English-language 94-page report. The report is based on more than 30 interviews with people with HIV/AIDS, police officers, drug users, and AIDS outreach workers in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Yunnan province. Widespread discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS is fueling the spread of the epidemic in China. Many people living with HIV/AIDS have no access to health care because hospitals refuse to treat them. Human Rights Watch found that at one hospital, the door to the AIDS clinic was actually padlocked. National laws discriminate against people with HIV/AIDS, and some local laws ban them from using swimming pools or working in food service. The police send drug users to detoxification centers, where they are forced to labor without pay to make trinkets for tourists. Instead of receiving help for their problem, they are driven underground, making it harder for the government to combat the AIDS virus.
  www.hrw.org/reports/2003/china0803/china0903-cn.pdf - August 1, 2003

• Media Control in China , Human Rights In China (HRIC)
  http://www.hrichina.org/fs/downloadables/pdf/downloadable-resources/MediaControlALL.pdf?revision_id=20206 - August 14, 2003

• Migration Merchants: Human Smuggling from Ecuador and China , Kyle, David and Zai, Liang
  From the authors\' abstract: \"Human smuggling is a phenomenon that further blurs the already fuzzy boundaries between economic migrant and refugee, legal and illegal immigrant. Many state policy-makers and NGOs are concerned that if they admit immigrants or refugees who use human smugglers, this will encourage smugglers to further break immigration laws. This paper questions the assumption that illegal migrants are like any other illegal commodity crossing state borders. Kyle argues that most migrant smugglers are social bandits who may be considered unsavory and even dangerous by their home societies, but not as \"criminals.\" Even states that are \"victims\" of human smugglers do not uniformly paint them as criminal and evil. In contrast to common thieves and smugglers, there is a highly politicized historical dimension to both the motivations of social bandits and to those who see them as either criminals (i.e., transnational organized crime) or \"freedom fighters\". Although migration research has a signifanct role to play in the understanding of transnational social banditry, current migration theory does not sufficeintly expalin the shrap rise in human smuggling around the world, especially in terms of how it conceptualizes \"demand\". To illustrate these points, special attention will be given to emigration from Ecuador to the United States and Spain, including the organizaion of illicit \"migrant export schemes\".
  www.ccis-ucsd.org/PUBLICATIONS/wrkg43.PDF - April 27, 2005

• Multilevel Analysis of Rural Outmigration in Guangdong, China , Zhu, Junming
  This paper argues for more effective policies in China to address the gender, income, and other social inequalities that encourage rural-urban migration. The author suggests that rural residents migrate en masse to the urban areas almost as a means of self-preservation from the desperate poverty of village life and their lack of faith in rural development. Using data collected from a baseline survey and corresponding multi-level analyses of migrants marital status, education levels, community development levels, incomes, number of residents per household, and hukou status, this article concludes that the higher a labor migrant\\\\\\\'s education, the more likely he or she will be to seek employment in cities.
  www.hsph.harvard.edu/hcpds/wpweb/97_03.pdf - February 25, 2005

• Navigating the Policy Path for Support of Wind Power in China , Raufer, Roger & Wang, Shujuan
  Power generated by wind energy costs about twice as much as coal-fired electricity in China. Yet it has flourished in a number of countries because of governmental policies encouraging its development. Such support is typically justified based upon consideration of environmental externalities, the nascent stage of the renewable energy industry, and subsides already received by conventional technologies. Price and quantity types of wind energy support policies are examined in this paper, along with their relevance for China\'s situation. A wind resource concession mechanism similar in many respects to current oil and natural gas concessions has been proposed for China as another method to promote wind energy development. In order to stimulate such renewable energy in China, a phased approach, shifting from near-term price supports to a longer-term, market-oriented approach, is necessary. China should employ a similar evolutionary strategy for the development of wind resource concessions.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/4-feature_3.pdf - August 1, 2003

• New Partners or Old Brothers?: GONGOs in Transnational Environmental Advocacy in China , Wu, Fengshi
  Chinese government organized nongovernmental organizations (GONGOs) have been viewed by most China scholars and international agencies simply as extended organs of the government. The GONGO sector in China--particularly in the environmental sphere--is quite diverse in terms of political independence and strength. Moreover, GONGOs are distinctive from the government and NGOs in that they straddle and sometimes bridge the worlds of governmental agencies and NGOs. In this paper, seven brief case studies illustrate the Chinese government\\\'s rationales in fostering environmental GONGOs and how in the 1990s these GONGOs developed in ways unforeseen by the government. Specifically, GONGOs have obtained some organizational autonomy from state control and some green GONGOs have opted to cooperate with local environmental NGOs in China. Access to international environmental communities and building organizational capacity are two factors that contributed most to the increase in GONGO autonomy.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3C9.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Nipped in the Bud: The Suppression of the China Democracy Party , Human Rights Watch
  In this thirty-five page report, Human Rights Watch called on China\'s President Jiang Zemin to release more than thirty people imprisoned for their role in the China Democracy Party and all others who have been detained in China for peaceful political activities. The Chinese President will be in the U.S. on September 7 to meet world leaders at the opening of the U.N. General Assembly.
  www.hrw.org/reports/2000/china/ - September 1, 2000

• Non-Grid Renewable Energy Policies: International Case Studies , Center for Resource Solutions
  This paper provides a thorough review of critical federal and local governmental policies that can be helpful in promoting rural, off-grid renewable energy development. It provides three case studies from Nepal, Kenya and Chile that illustrate the implementation of a range of policy models. The paper analyses the relative effectiveness of each policy model as it applies to China.
  www.efchina.org/documents/Non-grid_RE_Exp_CaseStudies.doc - August 16, 2001

• One Country, Two Systems, One Smog: Cross-Boundary Air Pollution Policy Challenges for Hong Kong and Guangdong , Hopkinson, L. & Stern, Rachel
  Rapid development of the Pearl River Delta has led to worsening regional air quality. In the last five years, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Guangdong governments have taken some tentative, yet crucial steps, towards addressing regional air pollution. In 2002, the two governments published a landmark joint study on cross-boundary air pollution, which recommended a number of measures to meet target reductions in air pollutants. In another promising development, the two governments also are considering a pilot emissions trading scheme. However, the two sides remain reluctant to include the public in decision-making despite nongovernmental projects like the Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta Monitoring Study that show the value of collaboration among different stakeholders. Experiences from the U.S.-Mexico border, a region facing similar problems as the Pearl River Delta, help indicate possible paths forward. Addressing regional air pollution in the Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta region will require creating new institutions to provide funding, raise public awareness, and lobby for change. The public must be involved in the design and execution of these institutions. Greater opportunity for public support will both facilitate more rapid reduction of air pollution and lower the social costs of cuts in emissions.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/3-feature_2.pdf - August 1, 2003

• Out of Place and Out of School , West, Andy & Yang, Haiyu
  Quoted from abstract: \"Who are China\'s street children? The extent and nature of the issue are outlined here by Andy West and Yang Hai Yu, who for the last two years have been working with Save the Children UK to support government responses. They argue that the notion of \'street children\' encompasses many different situations, and that this suggests the need for a more integrated system of child protection.\"
  www.savethechildren.org.cn/doc/job01.doc - December 1, 2001

• Overcoming Uncertainty: U.S.-China Strategic Relations in the 21st Century , Anderson, Walter Neal
  This paper offers a range of policy steps that should be taken to overcome mutual uncertainty and advance responsibly U.S.-China relations. It does so in view of changes in the global strategic environment and an assessment of China's future. The full range of vital and important bilateral security issues are explored, including both sides' goals, interests, and strategic perspectives regarding these issues. Ultimately, this paper is intended to provide a framework for a balanced debate on China policy that would contribute to improved stability and predictability in U.S.-China relations.
  www.usafa.af.mil/inss/OCP/ocp29.pdf - October 1, 1999

• Overcoming Uncertainty: U.S.-China Strategic Relations in the 21st Century , Anderson, Neal
  In Neal Anderson\\\'s \\\"Overcoming Uncertainty: U.S.-China Strategic Relations in the 21st Century,\\\" the focus shifts to the diplomatic and economic dimensions of the Chinese equation as a foundation for long-term military relations between the US and China. Colonel Anderson presents a comprehensive review of US-Chinese bilateral relations in crafting a framework for strategic cooperation based on a clear appreciation for individual national and regional interests.
  www.usafa.af.mil/inss/OCP/ocp29.pdf - January 13, 2005

• Overhauling and Regulation Schools Set Up by Migrants , Jianzhong, Ding
  The article presents information on overhauling and regulating schools set up by migrants. An overall investigation of the fifty-nine schools set up by migrants was conducted and the results are reported. About 94.1 percent of the teaching materials used were from the national edition or People\'s Education Publishing House edition. These schools offered five, six, or nine years of education. The operators of the schools were between the ages of thirty-five and forty many were thirty-nine years old. The first migrant students who came to study in Shanghai arrived in 1987, whereas most came after 1996, and the largest number in 2001. They ranged between the ages of six and eighteen, with thirteen-year-olds in the majority. Journal article may only be available to subscribers of Chinese Education & Society.
  search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=afh&an=15808863 - September 1, 2004

• Papers on China , Nautilus Institute
  A list of publications on China. It contains links to the actual papers that cover various aspects of policial, economic, security and energy issues of the country.
  www.nautilus.org/papers/energy.html#aes - November 23, 2004

• Participation, Rights and Children Care in China , West, Andy
  Quoted from introduction: \"This paper looks at some participation examples and issues for children in care (that is in residential and foster care), but in the context of separation from family, protection and rights.Ê That is, first, children in care as part of a larger group of children who are separated from their families for a variety of reasons, such as abuse, trafficking, abandonment, and so on. Second, the broader perspective of social protection emerging from the development of child rights programming – that is, the development of services and initiatives for children based on analysis of their circumstances and rights.\"
  www.savethechildren.org.cn/doc/xiangmu26.doc - October 1, 2003

• Paying the Price: Worker Unrest in Northeast China , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "The Chinese government's refusal to allow independent trade unions is fueling worker protests, Human Rights Watch said in this new report.The 50-page report, "Paying the Price: Worker Unrest in Northeast China," analyzes in detail the demonstrations that took place from March through May 2002 in three cities in northeastern China, and the government response to them. The unprecedented demonstrations lasted longer than any since the 1989 pro-democracy movement. In Liaoyang, metal workers laid off from former state-owned enterprises took to the streets intermittently over a ten-week period. In Daqing, laid-off oil workers encountered a massive show of force and security forces detained at least sixty workers for periods ranging between twenty-four hours and two weeks. In Fushun, thousands of laid-off miners and workers from nearby factories blocked roads and rail lines until they were given limited payouts. Four key protest leaders in Liaoyang city were indicted on March 30, 2002 after leading a four-year effort to bring workers' complaints to the attention of local authorities. They may be put on trial at any time. Yao Fuxin, Pang Qingxiang, Xiao Yunliang and Wang Zhaoming are charged with 'illegal assembly, marches and protests' and could face five-year prison terms. The four men have been held for almost five months with little, if any, access to family and with no legal representation. Across China, state-owned enterprises that once promised workers lifetime employment and a secure retirement have downsized or closed."
  www.hrw.org/reports/2002/chinalbr02/chinalbr0802.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Pesticides in China: A Growing Threat to Food Safety, Public Health, and the Environment , Hamburger, Jessica
  (Article begins on page 17 of PDF) Over time, pesticides tend to create more pest problems than they solve, causing increased crop losses as well as health and environmental damage. While Chinese farmers bear the brunt of illnesses caused by the country\'s growing reliance on pesticides, the world\'s consumers are also at risk. The Chinese government has banned some of the worst pesiticides, but overall use continues to climb. Efforts to reduce pesticide use or even ensure quality control have been undermined by conflicts of interest inherent in the agricultural extension and pesticide supervision systems. Government agencies have pursued a variety of schemes to promote the production of food with little to no pesticide residues, but this work affects only a small proportion of the total food supply. The Chinese government needs to take bold and decisive steps to free Chinese farmers from the pesticide treadmill and improve the safety of its food.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3C7.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Pollution Charge, Community Pressure and Abatement Cost: An Analysis of Chinese Industries , Wang, Hua
  This paper evaluates the strengh of community pressure and pollution charge on industrial pollution control in China and estimates the marginal pollution abatement cost. A well documented plant-level data set is examined and combined with a community-level data set, which allows for a careful assessment of the impact of pollution charge instrument and community pressure on industrial behavior in China.
  www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/hua/costcurvewp.pdf - January 1, 2000

• Poverty Among Children in Urban China: A Survey of Poverty-affected Families in Three Cities , Chen, W., Benyon, L. & Maher, K.
  Quoted from CHIP: "Based on research with 900 households in 3 Chinese cities, this report examines the situation of poor families and the implications for their children. It focuses particularly on families of laid-off workers and rural-urban migrants and children's health and educational prospects. Though all families interviewed valued education highly, migrant children's access to education is compromised by the additional fees payable by migrants. 45 per cent of poor urban families cannot afford to obtain 'user-pays' vaccinations for their children. The report concludes with recommendations of ways to boost family livelihoods, enhance children's access to health and education services and address the spcific problems facing rural-urban migrants."
  www.childhoodpoverty.org/index.php/action=documentfeed/doctype=pdf/id=96/ - January 1, 2005

• President Bush's Muddled Policy on Taiwan , Carpenter, Ted Galen
  This foreign policy brief discusses U.S. policy on Taiwan under the Bush administration which has gone from one extreme to the other. The author analyzes President Bush\'s earlier pro-Taiwan policy versus the latest pro-Beijing posture and how these policies may or may not serve in the best interests of the United States.
  cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb82.pdf - March 15, 2004

• Pressures for Expanding Local-Level Democracy , Fewsmith, Joseph
  The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has faced numerous pressures in recent years to reform its governing practices, particularly at the local level where these practices directly affect the lives of citizens. Despite years of campaigning against it, corruption continues to get worse at local levels, where abuse of power by officials has inflamed relations with the citizenry, and where there seems to be a palpable need to enhance the legitimacy of local officials. Village-level elections were introduced in China in the late 1980s to respond to these needs, but they also created new problems. Local party secretaries clashed regularly with village heads, and township cadres resented newly assertive village leaders. Moreover, the electoral process stalled as efforts to promote it at the township level met resistance. In recent months, however, there have been new and expanded experiments with local democracy that enhance the importance of local people\'s congresses, open up the electoral process, and use elections for the selection of local cadres. Importantly, these experiments are not limited to the village level, but are taking place at the township and sometimes county levels. These innovations may not augur looming democratization, but they do reflect a response to increased pressures to cope with the problems of local governance.
  www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org/20044/jf.pdf - September 1, 2004

• Promoting Dialogue Between the US and Asia - Chinese Rebellions , Buruma, Ian
  Mr. Ian Buruma, whose most recent book is Bad Elements: Among the Rebels, Dissidents, and Democrats of Greater China, will discuss resistance to authoritarianism in Chinese-speaking countries and the chances of democracy in China.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00065.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Prospect of Multilateral Security in the Asia-Pacific - A Chinese Perspective , Xinbo, Wu
  There is growing discussion within the Asia-Pacific region about new steps toward multilateral security dialogues between China, Japan, the United States, Russia, and the United States. New ideas are in the air. But China's views of these new security proposals are still taking shape. This seminar will provide an opportunity for one of the China's leading academic advisors to the beijing regime to spell out his thinking on this important topic. Th etalk will explain Chinese thinking on security multilateralism in teh region and the Chinese vision of security relations in the next century.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00015.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Rangeland Resources and Livelihoods in the Dimaluo Valley, Gongshan County, Yunnan, China , Song, Yuan; Wilkes, Andreas; Luo, Rongfen; Li, Jinming; and Ji, Yunheng
  Quoted from the author's introduction: "This paper reports on the findings of field surveys and research in Dimaluo village, Gongshan county, in NW Yunnan. The research on which this paper is based covered a wide range of topics, such as household economics, biodiversity, and indigenous technical practices and knowledge relating to livestock and rangeland management. By combining the main results of these separate surveys, this paper presents an overview of how the inhabitants of Dimaluo make their livelihoods, their interactions with natural resources and the current challenges they face."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/Song%20et%20al%20nd.pdf - April 3, 2005

• Recent Talks Indicate a Move from Coal Burning Power Plants to Clean Combustion Technologies , Huang, Yicheng
  This article was written by Mr. Yicheng Huang, China\'s energy department minister and honorary member of China\'s energy research board.
  www.efchina.org/documents/Clean_Combustion.pdf - January 1, 2003

• Recent Trends of Emigration from China: 1982-2000 , Liang, Zai and Morooka, Hideki
  Using data from several Chinese censuses and surveys, the article provides a new perspective for the study of international migration focusing on the trends of international migration from China and Fujian province between 1982 and 2000. The paper ends with a discussion of the prospects of assimilation of Fujianese immigrants in destination societies. Published in International Migration, Vol. 42 (3)
  www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/toc/imig/42/3 - August 1, 2004

• Regional Power Market Study for East China Grid , State Power Economic Research Center & State Power East China Company
  This study discusses Eastern China\\\'s power grid and the management of this electrical power system. The report gives a comprehensive analysis of the conditions needed to develop this electricity market, price trends for electricity, power supply and demand, and the effects on the environment. The authors address inter-province transaction problems and the possible necessity for establishing regional barriers. With this background, the authors further elaborate on Eastern China\\\'s power network and the overall electricity market plan. They propose various steps to modeling trade mechanisms for electricity and the choice between several kinds of plans. The study includes a comparison of the various regional power plans and the benefits and drawbacks of each, followed by recommendations.
  www.efchina.org/documents/RegionalPowerMarket_fullCN.doc - February 1, 2003

• Regional Power Market Study for East China Grid: Executive Summary , State Power Economic Research Center & State Power East China Company
  This is the English language version Executive Summary for the study described here. The study is available in Simplified Chinese characters. The \"Regional Power Market Study for East China Grid\"Êgives a comprehensive analysis of the conditions needed to develop this electricity market, price trends for electricity, power supply and demand, and the effects on the environment. The authors address inter-province transaction problems and the possible necessity for establishing regional barriers. With this background, the authors further elaborate on Eastern China\'s power network and the overall electricity market plan. They propose various steps to modeling trade mechanisms for electricity and the choice between several kinds of plans. The study includes a comparison of the various regional power plans and the benefits and drawbacks of each, followed by recommendations.
  www.efchina.org/documents/RegionalPowerMarket_for_EastChina_grid_(summary).doc - February 1, 2003

• Renewable Energy Development in China: The Potential and the Challenges (Chinese) , Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Zhuang, X., Hamrin, J., & Baruch, S.
  This 2000 report summarizes the current status of renewable energy in China, including both the technical and policy status to date with recommendations for future areas of improvement.
  www.efchina.org/documents/China_RE_Report_CN.doc - March 20, 2002

• Renewable Energy Development in China: The Potential and the Challenges (English) , Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Zhuang, X., Hamrin, J., & Baruch, S.
  This 2000 report summarizes the current status of renewable energy in China, including both the technical and policy status to date with recommendations for future areas of improvement.
  www.efchina.org/documents/China_RE_Report_EN.pdf - March 20, 2002

• Revisiting the Discussion to Develop Wind Generated Electricity , Huang, Yicheng
  This article was written by Mr. Yicheng Huang, China\'s energy department minister and honorary member of China\'s energy research board.
  /www.efchina.org/documents/Wind_Generation.pdf - April 1, 2003

• Rural Urban Income Gap and Critical Point of Institutional Change , Cai, Fang
  From the author\'s abstract: \"By employing an analytical framework based on institutional economics, this paper intends to investigate the rural urban income gap and its critical points for change. The level of rural urban income gap in 1978 broke the institutional equilibrium on which the traditional rural urban relationship relied, leading to overall reform in rural China. In the post-reform period, utilizing their superior influence on policy-making, urban residents have so far succeeded in maintaining urban biased government policies, deterring rural labor from migrating to cities permanently. The urban residents’ major lobbying mechanism is through their “vote” and “voice”, something in which their rural counterparts are lacking. However, farmers have a way to “get around” the urban biased policies which are unfavorable to them. This “voting with their feet” eventually will drive the policy change. When the rural urban income gap increases to the level of 1978, a critical point for institutional change will have been reached. The timing and conditions will be ripe for reform of the whole policy package on which the present rural urban divide has been built.\"
  www.cass.net.cn/chinese/s06_rks/37wp.pdf - March 23, 2005

• Rural-Urban Migration in China: Temporary Migrants in Search of Permanent Settlement , Garcia, Beatriz Carrillo
  This paper illustrates how China\\\'s economic and urban development goals benefit from the flood of rural laborers migrating to its urban areas. While these migrant laborers suffer through the 3-D (difficult, dirty and dangerous) jobs that support the infrastructure for China\\\'s development, the upper classes prosper from this support while the migrants suffer. This cycle continues even as China has begun relaxing its hukou, or household registration, system, to allow freer movement of people, i.e. labor, throughout the county. To cope with the challenges of life in the urban areas, rural migrants create self-sustaining enclaves, with reputations as skilled producers of certain goods and services, to provide basic sanitation, health, education and telecommunication services. As Beijing renovates itself ahead of the 2008 Summer Olympics, these enclaves risk demolition and the threat of suffering from futher social stigma and discriminatory labor, education and housing policies.
  epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/portal/viewarticle.php?id=22&layout=abstract - February 25, 2005

• Searching for Civil Society , Young, Nick
  This is China Development Brief Editor Nick Young's introduction to the organization's latest publication - "250 Chinese NGOS - Civil Society in the Making." The publication sets out to show that China does have a growing number of autonomous, nongovernmental organizations, and to make some of these more visible to the international donor community. The publication also aims to promote awareness among Chinese readers and policy makers that such organizations can play an important role in addressing emerging social needs.
  www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/page.asp?sec=2&sub=3&pg=0 - April 20, 2005

• Searching for Energy Security: The Political Ramifications of China's International Energy Policy , Andrews-Speed, P., Liao, X., Dannreuther, R.
  China\\\'s growing energy needs combined with its limited domestic energy resources dictate that the country will become a player of growing importance on the international energy stage. The government has recognized the need to address a range of energy security issues but has yet to develop a coherent policy. China\\\'s policy has emphasized \\\"strategic\\\" means to enhance security of energy supply rather than market mechanisms. The international components of this policy have contributed to China\\\'s increased diplomatic and economic involvement with energy-rich countries, especially in Asia. Examination of specific policies relating to Xinjiang, Central Asia, Russia, and the Middle East shows that decision-making is driven by complex interplay of political, diplomatic, and economic factors. China\\\'s expanding energy interests need not necessarily pose a threat to the West or its Asian neighbors--instead they can be used as an opportunity to integrate China into existing and new global and regional institutions.
  www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF3C5.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Shanghai's Combined Heat & Power Policy Study , Energy Foundation
  Shanghai\'s government has set a goal to develop clean cogeneration power technologies. One particular project in Shanghai effectively uses natural gas to produce energy. Supervisors of Shanghai\'s energy conservation effort emphasize that with Shanghai\'s current situation, projects such as the one mentioned above should coorelate with Shanghai\'s Energy Association to work together in analyzing new energy policies and technologies. China can learn from the experiences of Europe and the United States concerning cogeneration. Finally, this report recommends that the development of cogeneration technologies in Shanghai is crucial for energy policy throughout China.
  www.efchina.org/documents/SH_CogenFnl_CN.pdf - August 1, 2002

• Small Dreams Beyond Reach: The Lives of Migrant Children and Youth Along the Borders of China, Myanmar and Thailand , Caouette, Therese M.
  Quoted from Eldis: "This report provides an awareness of the realities and perspectives among migrant children, youth and their communities, as a means of building respect and partnerships to address their vulnerabilities to exploitation and abusive environments. The needs and concerns of migrants along the borders of China, Myanmar and Thailand are highlighted and recommendations to address these are made.
  www.savethechildren.org.uk/temp/scuk/cache/cmsattach/412_smalldreams.pdf - January 1, 2001

• Sociological Dimensions of China's Economic Transition: Organization, Stratification, and Social Mobility , Walder, Andrew
  Despite skepticism about official economic statistics, there is little doubt that China since 1978 has undergone an economic transformation of historic proportions. This outcome stands in stark opposition to arguments that were once widely accepted in several scholarly communities, and which are still highly influential even today. In the early 1980s there was wide agreement that "partial" reform, under a single party dictatorship that sought indefinitely to preserve public ownership, was a recipe for failure. China specialists, students of comparative economic systems, and economists who advised governments and international agencies about postcommunist restructuring in Eurasia were initially in broad agreement on this point. Faced with the reality of two decades of rapid economic development, critical arguments about China have begun to shift. Some changed their position, and now suggest that the kind of growth one observes in China is somehow unhealthy a "hyper-growth" that is unbal-anced, destabilizing, and exploitative, certain to give rise to increasing levels of inequality, massive social disruption, and imminent political instability. Others argue that China's path is not sustainable that the policies and practices of the first decades will soon outlive their usefulness and lead to economic stagnation. A third group posits that while China may have achieved some success in the early years, the recent trend toward privatization and restructur-ing finally vindicates the original arguments of those who urged a rapid movement to private ownership and a radically diminished role of the party-state in economic management. There may be some merit in each of these arguments (though I am least sympathetic to the third). However, they all avoid the question of why such sustained and rapid growth occurred in the interim despite widespread agreement that the Chinese Communist Party was going about it all wrong. Economic growth of such historic magnitude should not be taken for granted, even if analysts correctly point out the ways in which China's political and economic institutions remain flawed and limited. The continuing critical commentaryreflects an unspoken consensus that reform and economic development are essentially about institutional design. But this reveals a large gap in thinking about economic reform. Identify-ing better institutions is only the first step. The hard part is figuring out how to move from the admittedly flawed institutions of central planning to more serviceable onesÑand whether or not severe hardship will accompany the process. Thinking about economic reform has always contained strong but largely unexamined assumptions about the structure of the polity, economy, and society in which it takes place, especially about the capabilities and interests of political elites. Many of these assumptions have proven poor guides to the past twenty years of Chinese economic history. My purpose in this paper is to identify the assumptions that have fallen by the wayside, and to show how this has helped China to escape some of the negative consequences predicted for its approach to economic reform.
  iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20208/Walder_Sociological.pdf - April 1, 2003

• SOE Reform: the road ahead , Zhang, Shuying
  China's Banking sector is known to harbor an enormous amount of bad debt, that makes China's financial system extremely fragile. The SOEs' low efficiency is considered as one of the most fundamental causes of this problem. After the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 China has increased the pace of the SEO reform. After three years since start of the campaign aiming to make the most loss-making SOEs profitable, SOEs' profitability improved in 2000. It indicates a limited success of the campaign. As a consequence, the share of stated-owned sector in the country's economy is shrinking, while the non-state sector is expanding rapidly. Despite these developments, though, Chinese SOEs still face enormous challenges. This article seeks to present a broad review of issues faced by the SOE reform, and to offer several measures to tackle them.
  www.cass.net.cn/chinese/s30_rbs/english/publication/zhangsy-e2.htm - November 9, 2004

• State of the Field Report: Research on the Chinese Military , Dreyer, June Teufel
  In this essay, Professor June Teufel Dreyer reviews the recent literature on the People's Liberation Army's international capabilities, doctrine, and policy role in China. Dreyer points out that while China's military capability is weakened by older and less powerful warships and aircraft, the one area the experts agree the PLA is making progress in is the development of missiles and nuclear weapons. Current research indicates that while the PLA has made good, if uneven, progress in modernizing over the past decade, its force projection capabilities remain limited and are unlikely to allow China to claim the status of regional military power within the next decade.
  www.nbr.org/publications/review/vol1no1/v1n1.pdf - June 1, 1997

• State Simplification and Access Issues on Farming Land in Upland Community , Qian, Jie and Xu, Jianchu
  Quoted from author's abstract: "By using key informant interviews and direct observation, the study tries to find out the issue of farmer's access to farming land related to government policies particularly the Slopping Land Conversion Program, and how the local people respond to such policies based on their livelihood strategies. Access to land in rural area is unequal and limited by state land policies and local power relations, which becomes the major factor to result in the different access and conflict to land. In the macro level, state is strong to initiate the simplified policies, but in the local level, state is weak to implement the policies efficiently and effectively regards to local diverse conditions and differentiated actors. The community is not homogeneous. The diversity of livelihood in the village results in the different responses to the state's land policies, particularly SLCP. The conflicts on land access are generated by state simplification to local livelihood in the community level."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/State%20Simplification.pdf - January 19, 2004

• Strategic Research for the Development of Beijing's Alternative Fuel Vehicle , Energy Foundation
  This article discusses the the development of Beijing\'s program for alternative fuel vehicles. The document discusses in depth each alternative fuel type including propane, natural gas, methanol, ethanol and electric automobiles and analyzes the environmental and economic effects of each. The authors also make recommendations for the best option regarding alternative fuel vehicles and how the Chinese government might implement a plan that is inclusive of these technologies.
  www.efchina.org/documents/Beijing_Alternative_Fuel_Vehicle.pdf - July 16, 2004

• Study of Beijing's Air Quality Control & Atmospheric Pollution Reduction Mechanisms , Guo, Yincheng & Teng, Shulong
  This report focuses on Beijing\'s air quality control mechanisms currently in place and discusses some of the effective measures that need to be taken in order to ensure that Beijing\'s pollution problems will be under control by the time of the Summer Olympic Games in 2008.Ê The report also shows that the coordination of a healthy environment and a strong economy promote Beijing\'s overall development goals.Ê
  www.efchina.org/documents/PolluteContrl_CN.pdf - March 8, 2005

• Suggested Policy Prescriptions and Countermeasures for Preventing HIV/AIDS , Li, Dongli
  Assessing Wasserheit\'s \"Dynamics of STIs\" as well as underlying social and cultural issues facing China, this article assesses the state of HIV/AIDS in China in four contexts: the epidemiology of STIs, the problem with China\'s dismissive attitude toward STIs and HIV/AIDS, linking intervention and prevention to family planning, and three relevant goals (use the masses to reach out to the most vulnerable populations, compile HIV/AIDS information to disseminate throughout China for educational purposes, and have print media, especially those directedÊtowards women,Êrepeatedly carry the messages of laborers about HIV/AIDS). Finally, the author concludes by adapting the American James D. Shelton\'s work, \"Prevention First: A Three-Pronged Strategy To Integrate Family Planning Program Efforts Against HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections\" to the Chinese case.
  www.cpirc.org.cn/yjwx/yjwx_detail.asp?id=913 - March 28, 2005

• Taiwan Election Upset: Now What? , Cossa, Ralph A.
  Ralph Cossa of the Pacific Forum CSIS provides commentary on the recent elections in Taiwan and the consequences of the outcomes.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0452.pdf - December 13, 2005

• Temporary Migration and The Spread of STDs/AIDS in China: Is There A Link? , Yang, Xiushi
  This author uses various statistcal analyses and a community survey to determine if the recent rise in the STD and HIV/AIDS rate in China corresponds to increased labor migration. Citing the anonymity of the migrant lifestyle, as well as the apparent youth of most migrants, and how many female migrants are forced into sex-work, the author states that migrants express dangerously high levels of at-risk behavior. The author concludes that migrant workers are over-represented throughout China in populations having STDs, HIV/AIDS, and who identify as Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs).
  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3668/is_200404/ai_n9375983/print - February 23, 2005

• The Benefit and Conflict of Water Harvesting in the Dynamic Process of Damaidi Village , Li, Zhinan
  Quoted from abstract: "During the dynamic process of Damaidi village, local population increased, family structure declined, and diverse livelihood strategies such as labor migration, tea cultivation, livestock feeding etc., emerged. These livelihood strategies induced local differentiation in terms of gender as well as new and old power holders. In this context, water harvesting achieved such benefits as reducing the labor performed by women, improving the maize yield and encouraging local tea plantation. However, since the struggle between power holders, there is still an existing water conflict between water used for irrigation and water used for drinking. The benefit of water harvesting can contribute more to local poor and women's practical gender needs, but it is uncertain what it can contribute to women's strategic gender needs."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/resource/download/WaterHarvesting.pdf - April 1, 2000

• The Cause and Cure of China's Widening Income Disparity , Chang, Gene H.
  In this article, Zhang uses an in-depth analysis of the Gini coefficient to determine the true cause of theÊsevere income disparity between rural and urban Chinese. While he admits that this problem is a serious one that cannot be easily resolved, he implies that in the long-run, China may be better off not addressing the sources of poverty directly, such a the huge labor surplus in agricultural areas. Instead, China needs to continue development of its urban areas, including job creation and urbanization, and prepare not to fight poverty but to provide welfare to those who are already suffering from this disparity.
  www.utoledo.edu/~gchang/publication/ChinaIncomeGap.pdf - March 21, 2005

• The China-Taiwan Military Balance: Implications for the United States , Eland, Ivan
  This foreign policy briefing details the economic disparity between China and Taiwan and how this could eventually lead to a military disparity as well. The author discusses Taiwan\'s military advantages and makes policy recommendations for the U.S. in regards to the China-Taiwan conflict.
  cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb74.pdf - February 5, 2003

• The Chinese People's Liberation Army: "Short Arms and Slow Legs" , Howard, Russell D.
  This paper examines the People's Liberation Army (PLA)'s intentions and it's ability to threaten its neighbors by considering two variables: China's defense budget and its military doctrine. The author points out that China's new military doctrine "Limited war under high technological conditions" is more assertive, stressing offensive, even preemptive, uses of military power. However, the PLA does not have the wherewithal to carry out the doctrine's intent.China's deficiencies in systems integration, manufacturing propulsion systems, and advanced computer technologies will be the most limiting factors in the PLA's ability to field the weapons and equipment necessary to satisfy strategic requirements.
  www.usafa.af.mil/inss/OCP/ocp28.pdf - September 1, 1999

• The Chinese Threat to American Leadership in Space , Garibaldi, Gabriele
  The launch of the Shenzhou 5 made clear to most people what is well-known to the experts: in Space, as on Earth, the most likely challenger to the American unipolar order is China. Because of the huge stakes, the space competition risks being accompanied by a rapid Star Wars arms race.
  taiwansecurity.org/IS/2004/IS-Garibaldi-0704.htm - July 20, 2004

• The Cycle Created by China's One-Child Policy
  This article presents an unfavorable view of China's One-Child Policy, citing inflammatory works by author Steven Mosher and journalist Nicholas Kristoff to describe how this policy leads to forced and sex-selective abortions, infanticides, community-wide psychological pressure on women, the "little emperor" syndrome, imbalances in gender ratios, and bride-selling. Social programs that can reform the policy, improve the status of women's reproductive health care, and mitigate the impact of population growth on the economy, are also discussed.
  lawwww.cwru.edu/student_life/journals/jil/Notes/Schmidt.pdf - March 18, 2002

• The Determinants of Government Environmental Performance: An Analysis of Chinese Townships , Wang, Hua & Di, Wenhua
  This paper explores the determinants of government environmental performance at a local level. Chinese township governments, the lowest level of governments in the Chinese hierarchical government structure, are selected for this exercise. The performance indicators employed in the analyses include the efforts of enforcing government environmental regulations and the efforts of providing environmental services to polluting enterprises. The performance determinants identified include environmental performance of upper-level governments, local development status, industrial employment, income of workers in polluting enterprises, local environmental quality, public pressure for environmental quality improvement, etc. A survey of 85 townships and interviews of 151 township government leaders were conducted in three provinces of China. The statistical results are reported in this paper. Policy implications are discussed.
  www.worldbank.org/nipr/china/TOWN-journal.htm - September 1, 2002

• The Economic History of Taiwan , Olds, Kelly
  The article is a very good introduction to history of Taiwan\'s developmentÊfrom the aboriginal times to the nationalist rule.
  eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=mosk.japan.final - March 7, 2005

• The impact of 9-11 on Sino-US relations: a preliminary assessment , Jia, Qingguo
  Relations between the United States and the rest of the world have changed as a result of 9-11. In what ways has this event changed Sino-US relations? How should one explain the changes and continuities of the relationship? What does all this mean for the future development of this relationship? This paper represents a modest attempt to address these questions.
  irap.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/2/159 - August 1, 2003

• The Inivisible Hand and Visible Feet: Internal Migration in China , Fang, Cai
  The author assesses how the relaxing of the hukou system from the 1980s throughout the 1990s affected the concept of migration and labor mobility in China.  Specifically, he notes that under the hukou system, most migrants fell into one of three groups:  migrants who moved from one area to another for the long-term as part of the state's plan to spread laborers throughout the nation, those who did it for the short-term, and those who did so illegally for work in the black and grey markets. As the hukou system contined to relax into the 1990s, migrants' mobility increased on both rural-rural and rural-urban levels.  Within these trends, the author also addresses how migrants evaluate the role of human capital in determining where to migrate, why rural families prefer to encourage migration of men, but not women, the growth of the rural-urban wage gap, and how national policies favoring urban growth and industry over agriculture lay the groundwork for migration patterns.
  www.cass.net.cn/chinese/s06_rks/chrrsite/paper/working%20paper%205.pdf - February 21, 2005

• The Language and Politics in Modern China , Indinana University
  The Language and Politics in Modern China working papers form part of a collaborative research project, \"Keywords of the Chinese Revolution: The Language of Politics and the Politics of Language in 20th-Century China,\" funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Pacific Cultural Foundation. Core project members include: Timothy Cheek (Colorado College), Joshua L. Fogel (University of California-Santa Barbara), Elizabeth J. Perry (University of California-Berkeley), Michael Schoenhals (University of Stockholm), and Project Director Jeffrey Wasserstrom (Indiana University). The Keywords project seeks to present an account of the ways that the language of politics has shaped and, in turn, has been reshaped by the Chinese Revolution from the early decades of this century to the present. The working papers will use methodologies and theories drawn from a variety of disciplines to explore the shifting meanings of politically-charged symbols and terms. General topics associated with the politics of communication will also be examined.
  www.indiana.edu/%7Eeasc/resources/working_paper/index.htm - January 27, 2005

• The link between grazing and distribution of Rumex nepalensis in a sub-alpine rangeland in NW Yunnan , Willson, A. Melick, D. and Shen, S.
  Quoted from abstract: "Rumex nepalensis is a Himalayan Dock the distribution of which has been expanding in alpine and sub-alpine rangelands in the mountainous regions of NW Yunnan, China. This plant is unpalatable to livestock. This paper reports the results of a vegetation survey in the Sewalongba Valley, an important rangeland for many of the villagers of Dimaluo, in Gongshan County, northwest Yunnan, China... The need to investigate the ecology of this species and to address other environmental degradation issues is particularly pressing in light of government intentions to further increase the livestock numbers in these rural areas."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP8%20ENG.pdf - June 1, 2004

• The People's Republic of China at Fifty , Scalapino, Robert A.
  This study addresses the PRC's likely political and economic future and China's regional and global role in the twenty-first century. China's foreign policy priorities primary among which is the effort to curb what China perceives as U.S. "hegemonism" are outlined and the PRC's future relations with the nations in the Asia-Pacific are projected. China's future politics are likely to be dominated by authoritarian-pluralism and strengthened international mechanisms for the resolution of issues and the enforcement of agreements will be crucial to China's positive interaction with regional and global partners. Although the PRC will attempt to counter U.S. efforts, the United States will play an important role in maintaining the balance of power in the Asia-Pacific.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol10no4/v10n4.pdf - October 1, 1999

• The Rise and Descent of "Peaceful Rise" , Suettinger, Robert L.
  A controversial formulation about China\'s emerging global role and responsibilities appears to have been set aside, in part as a result of leadership disagreements. The idea of China\'s \"peaceful rise\" as a responsible and benign global power was introduced into China\'s foreign policy discourse by Party General Secretary Hu Jintao associate Zheng Bijian in November 2003. It caught the interest of many Chinese foreign affairs specialists, becoming the subject of intense and surprisingly open debate. Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao both used the formulation in speeches in December 2003, suggesting that the idea had become an authoritative component of Chinese foreign policy statements. But Jiang Zemin and some members of the Politburo Standing Committee are rumored to have raised objections, and the leadership is said to have decided in April 2004 to drop the formulation in public statements. The concept itself has not been anathematized, however, and it remains the subject of academic debate in China. Still, it has lost much of its policy salience and some of its intellectual luster, a casualty of China\'s more open scholarly environment, the omnipresent Taiwan issue, and leadership jealousies.
  www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org/20044/rs.pdf - September 1, 2004

• The Rising China: Essential Disposition, Secular Grand Strategy, and Current Problems , Shi, Yinhong
  Dr. Sung-Joo Han will discuss issues of regional integration in East Asia with a focus on the introduction of the East Asian Vision Group (EAVG) Report, the ASEAN Plus Three process, the politics and process of East Asian cooperation, FTA arrangement in East Asia and beyond, and implications of regional cooperation for East Asia and other regions
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00067.pdf - November 9, 2004

• The Spatial Distribution of Rumex Nepalensis in a Sub-alpine Rangeland in NW Yunnan , Melick, D., Shen, S. and Willson, A.
  Quoted from English version's abstract: "Rumex nepalensis is a Himalayan Dock the distribution of which has been expanding in alpine and sub-alpine rangelands in the mountainous regions of NW Yunnan, China. This plant is unpalatable to livestock. This paper reports the results of a vegetation survey in the Sewalongba Valley, an important rangeland for many of the villagers of Dimaluo, in Gongshan County, northwest Yunnan, China... The need to investigate the ecology of this species and to address other environmental degradation issues is particularly pressing in light of government intentions to further increase the livestock numbers in these rural areas."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-cn/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP8%20CHIN.pdf - July 1, 2004

• The Three Gorges Dam: A Great Leap Backward for China's Electricity Consumers and Economy , Adams, Patricia and Ryder, Grainne
  The authors of this essay argue that the tragedy of the Three Gorges dam extends to the electricity sector and ultimately to the Chinese economy. Rapid technological advances are making big hydrodams obsolete in electricity markets around the world and Three Gorges\' power expensive, compared to cleaner and more readily available alternatives. Economic reforms to decentralize power production in China and to allow private power production are placing those alternatives in direct competition with Three Gorges and other big dams. Meanwhile, economic pressures to shut down money-losing state enterprises have reduced electricity demand, making that competition even fiercer.
  www.irn.org/programs/threeg/991216.probe.html - December 16, 2000

• Think Tanks and the Policy Community in Hong Kong , Chin, James K.
  Despite their recent development, think tanks in Hong Kong, particularly private and non-government think tanks, may play an important role in future debates about policy formation in the former British colony.
  www.nira.go.jp/publ/review/2000summer/chin.pdf - June 1, 2000

• Think Tanks and the Policy Community in Hong Kong , Chin, James K.
  Despite their recent development, think tanks in Hong Kong, particularly private and non-government think tanks, may play an important role in future debates about policy formation in the former British colony.
  www.nira.go.jp/publ/review/2000summer/chin.pdf - July 1, 2000

• Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek , Human Rights Watch
  Quoted from Human Rights Watch: "This 108-page report by Human Rights Watch says that the persecution of Tenzin Delek Rinpoche, a highly-respected Tibetan lama facing a death sentence on unproven allegations of involvement in a bombing, highlights the ongoing strictures placed on Tibetans in China. In recent years, the Chinese government has consolidated secular control at the expense of monastic influence. Human Rights Watch says that the international community should raise Tenzin Delek’s case at every opportunity in meetings with Chinese officials and press the Chinese government to bring to account those officials who have persecuted this man and his community."
  hrw.org/reports/2004/china0204/china0204.pdf - February 1, 2004

• Unproductive Military Posturing , Brown, David G.
  While some saw an increase in military tension across the Strait this quarter, it is more accurate to say that both sides were using military exercises to signal the political resolve behind their policies. One real issue - whether Taiwan will invest more in its own defense - was hotly debated in Taipei, but the Legislative Yuan (LY) took no action. There was considerable speculation about policy differences between Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, including over Taiwan. Although Jiang completed his retirement, it remains to be seen whether Hu will make significant adjustments in Taiwan policy. In Taipei, the LY passed proposed constitutional amendments including provisions to use referendums to ratify future amendments and Beijing reacted calmly. With December LY elections in the offing, the standard dichotomy between rapidly expanding cross-Strait economic ties and deadlocked political dialogue continued to hold true this quarter.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/cc/0403Qchina_taiwan.html - October 1, 2004

• Urban Poverty, Childhood Poverty and Social Protection in China: Critical Issues , Solomon, Colette et al
  Quoted from CHIP: "This report examines some of the ways that rapid change in urban China has affected children. It focuses on rural-urban migration, the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and social security reforms, in particular the 'dibao' (Minimum Living Standards) programme. Given increasing problems of poor children's access to health and education services, it recommends that the 'dibao' programme builds in additional allowances to meet the costs of these services, and that children's welfare becomes a central principle of comprehensive social policy."
  www.childhoodpoverty.org/index.php/action=documentfeed/doctype=pdf/id=83/ - January 1, 2004

• Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to Understand Agro-pastoralist Livelihoods in NW Yunnan , Wilkes, Andreas
  Quoted from author: "The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) Framework was developed as a means for understanding livelihoods and the potential contributions that development agencies can make to improve the livelihoods of the poor and to strengthen the sustainability of their livelihoods (Carney 1998: 4).... This paper presents an analysis of the livelihoods of agro-pastoralists in one of [the Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge] CBIK's project sites, Dimaluo Village in Nujiang Prefecture. It shows that a variety of assets are crucial in maintaining livelihoods. A better understanding of livelihood assets and processes can be useful in identifying more relevant interventions that differ from some of the conventional interventions made by projects in agro-pastoralist areas and in the animal husbandry sector."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP2%20ENGL.pdf - September 1, 2003

• Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to Understand Agro-pastoralist Livelihoods in NW Yunnan , Wilkes, Andrew
  Quoted from author's English version: "The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) Framework was developed as a means for understanding livelihoods and the potential contributions that development agencies can make to improve the livelihoods of the poor and to strengthen the sustainability of their livelihoods (Carney 1998: 4).... This paper presents an analysis of the livelihoods of agro-pastoralists in one of [the Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge] CBIK's project sites, Dimaluo Village in Nujiang Prefecture. It shows that a variety of assets are crucial in maintaining livelihoods. A better understanding of livelihood assets and processes can be useful in identifying more relevant interventions that differ from some of the conventional interventions made by projects in agro-pastoralist areas and in the animal husbandry sector."
  www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/our_work/download/CBIK%20WP2.pdf - September 1, 2004

• Value of Forest Resources in a Miao Community of Jinduo Natural Village, Yunlong County, Yunnan Province , Solenne, Taveau & Wang, Wei
  Quoted from the authors' summary: "This paper reports on a preliminary socio-economic study of Jinduo, a small Miao Village (population approximately 180), in Luquan, Northeastern Yunnan. Jinduo is a rural subsistence community in which most income is derived from livestock, agriculture and collection of a variety of non-timber forest products (NTFP). The income streams of these communities are of interest since they have been affected by shifting policies, which have influenced land-us practices such as alterations to land tenure and the imposition of a commercial logging ban... Although villagers in Jindao clearly appreciated the need to conserve the forest, there was a lack of understanding about the way in which forest protection was managed by the government (i.e. wood quota and allowed timber use). Suggestions are made that clearly articulating villager's rights and obligations and allowing special zones for the collection of leaf litter for fertilizers may be useful. In addition, it is clear that the non-timber forest product resource needs to be carefully managed and the share of profits to villagers increased, as collection of these products is one of the few ways that this community may be able to increase their incomes."
  cbik.org/cbik-cn/cbik/our_work/download/Valueofforest.pdf - February 1, 2005

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• A Clash of Capitalisms: Foreign Shareholders and Coporate Restructuring in 1990s Japan , Ahmadjian, Christina L.; Robbins, Gregory E.
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This paper examines the conflict between stakeholder- and market-based business systems that resulted from an increase in foreign portfolio investment in the Japanese economy in the 1990’s. As foreign institutions, which were more interested in investment returns than in long-term relationships, replaced domestic shareholders, one of the fundamental pillars of Japan’s stakeholder capitalism began to crack, and Japanese firms began to adopt practices more characteristic of Anglo-American market economies. In an analysis of 1626 listed Japanese firms between 1990 and 1997, we found that foreign shareholders increased a firm’s propensity to downsize and divest assets. The effect of foreign shareholders was strongest among firms less integrated into the existing Japanese system—those with lower levels of shareholding by domestic corporations and financial institutions. There is little evidence that foreigners exerted pressure directly through shareholder activism. Rather, as firms’ resource dependencies shifted from domestic to foreign capital, their behavior shifted accordingly.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• ASEAN-Japan Competitive Strategy , Yamazaka, Ippei; Hiratsuka, Daisuke, ed.
  IDE-JETRO and research institutes from ASEAN 5 plus Vietnam conducted a joint study. This volume analyses current status of ASEAN economies and Japan in terms of industrial competitiveness and presents tasks that each country has to tackle for industrial upgrading.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sympro/023.html - November 16, 2004

• Bones, Bombs and Break Points , Davis, Donald R.; Weinstein, David E.
  Note: In order to access the paper, select publications from the Menu on the left and choose Working Papers. We consider the distribution of economic activity within a country in light of three leading theories: increasing returns, random growth, and locational fundamentals. To do so, we examine the distribution of regional population in Japan from the Stone Age to the modern era. We also consider the Allied bombing of Japanese cities in WWII as a shock to relative city sizes. Our results support a hybrid theory in which locational fundamentals establish the spatial pattern of relative regional densities, but increasing returns may help to determine the degree of spatial differentiation. One implication of our results is that even large temporary shocks to urban areas have no long-run impact on city size.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• CEO Compensation and Firm Performance in Japan: Evidence from New Panel Data on Individual CEO Pay , Kato, Takao; Kubo, Katsuyuki
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” studies on Japanese executive compensation have been constrained by the lack of longitudinal data on individual CEO pay. Using unique 10-year panel data on individual CEO’s salary and bonus of Japanese firms from 1986 to 1995, we present the first estimates on the performance sensitivity of Japanese CEO compensation. Specifically we find consistently that Japanese CEO’s cash compensation is sensitive to firm performance (especially accounting measures), and that the sensitivity of CEO’s cash compensation to ROA is 1.3 to 1.4, which is in general agreement with prior estimates elsewhere. As such, our estimates do not support that Japanese corporate governance is unusually defunct with regard to the significance and size of the sensitivity of CEO compensation to accounting profitability. On the other hand, to be consistent with the literature on Japanese corporate governance that tends to downplay the role of shareholders and stress the role of banks and employees, we find that stock market performance tends to play a less important role in the determination of Japanese CEO compensation. Finally, we find that the bonus system makes CEO compensation more sensitive to firm performance in Japan. The finding is in contrast to the literature on compensation for regular employees in Japan which often argues that bonus is a disguised base wage.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Changing Japanese Corporate Governance , Ahmadjian, Christina L.
  Note: In orderÊ to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This paper examines the rhetoric and reality of corporate governance reform in post-bubble Japan. I argue that the process of corporate governance reform in Japan is neither one of convergence to a \"global standard\" nor one of inertia, and rather reflects the theme of permeable insulation taken up by other contributors to this volume. Japanese firms are increasingly adopting practices long associated with U.S. corporate governance: small boards, independent directors, and stock options. While these changes have attracted much publicity, they signify relatively little for corporate governance. Boards remain insider-dominated, and the authority of boards of directors vis a visÊthe CEO has been unchanged. Despite the spread of stock options, executiveÊcompensation is only minimally tied to the stock market, and disclosure of executive pay remains far from transparent.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• Choices for Japanese Fiscal Policy , Inoue, Kengo
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This essay will attempt to make a critical assessment of the debate and to put Japanese fiscal policy into some sort of perspective. In doing so, we look at specific arguments byÊ focusing on the following five headings which are examined in turn.Ê1. Has the effectiveness of fiscal policy been permanently eroded in recent years compared with earlier periods? 2. Does the neutrality theorem -which states rational people react to government fiscal policy in a way that offsets the policy thrust-apply in Japan? 3. Is the Japanese fiscal position so precarious that priority should be give to reducing the deficit? 4. Can there be any means to improve the way public expenditures are allocated? 5. Does an expansive fiscal policy delay necessary structural adjustments?
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Development and the Environment , Kojima, Reeitsu
  The volume provides an extensive discussion of the issues of economic development and environamental degradation. It uses examples of Japan and Industrializing Asia.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Des/001.html - November 16, 2004

• Distribution Keiretsu, FDI and Import Penetration in Japan , Flath, David
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” An independent wholesaler with many different upstream suppliers is likely to be better at market coverage than if it were the subsidiary of just one supplier. But where wholesale efforts are focused on resolving externalities (by establishing and administering a directed marketing channel), efforts at expanding market coverage have greater marginal cost and will be commensurately retrenched, so independent wholesaling has a smaller payoff. This suggests that directed marketing channels?in Japan known as distribution keiretsu?are more likely than others to be headed by a primary wholesaler that is vertically integrated with the manufacturer. We demonstrate the empirical validity of this by showing that foreign direct investment in Japanese wholesaling is heavily concentrated in marketing channels with relatively high incidence of distribution keiretsu. These same marketing channels tend to have a slightly lower rate of import penetration which is indirect evidence that impediments to inward foreign direct investment still existed in Japan in 1997, our year of observation.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization fo Permanent Employment in Japan , Ahmadjian, Christina L.; Robbins, Gregory E.
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This study examines the process by which the Japanese permanent employment system was increasingly deinstitutionalized and replaced by downsizing among publicly listed companies in Japan between 1990 and 1997. We found that although economic pressure triggered downsizing, social and institutional pressures shaped the pace and process by which downsizing spread. The greater a firm’s legitimacy and visibility, and the more it depended on organizations and institutions that supported the institution of permanent employment , the more hesitant it was to abandon that practice, even when it had much to lose financially. Specifically, large, old, and high-reputation firms were resistant to downsizing at first, as were firms with high levels of human capital, as reflected by high wages. In contrast, firms with high levels of foreign ownership were more likely to downsize. We found that these social and institutional pressures, however, diminished as downsizing spread across the population. We argue that this is due to a \"safety in numbers\" effect. As downsizing became more prominent, the actions of any single firm were less likely to be noticed and criticized. This is one of the first studies to concurrently examine social and economic influences on deinstitutionalization in a pooled data set. It responds to the call for \"longitudinal studies of institutional activities under conditions of declining performance\" (Oliver, 1992) and adds to the empirical research on deinstitutionalization and population level organizational change.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• Elements of the Development of the Japanese Raw Silk Industry: An Explanation by the NK Model , Togo, Ken
  This paper seeks to explain the development of the Japanese raw silk industry through a comparison of three of its major silk producing areas: Suwa, Maebashi, and Usui. The study focuses on the systemic interrelationships between elements of technology, production structure, finance, and market technology. This study highlights the importance of coordination and institutions which strengthen complementarities between elements.
  www.fasid.or.jp/english/publication/occasional/elements.html - November 16, 2004

• Energy Outlook and the Role of Coal in Northeast Asia , Fukushima, Atsushi
  The article examnines local and international concerns on role of coal as a primary energy resource in the Northeast Asia. The author analyses current energy situation based on socio-economic indicators; describes energy demans structure and outlook; andÊoutlines the current coal trade patterns. The article also provides a fairly thourough overview of theÊenvironmental issues in teh region.
  www.spf.org/e/special/philanthropy.html - November 9, 2004

• Evolving Corporate Governance in Japan , Patrick, Hugh
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” Like the United States, managers of Japan\'s large companies since the early 1950s have had great autonomy because shareholding is dispersed. However most Japanese companies have a s significant portion of their shares stably held by other friendly financial institutions and businesses, a significant component of the integrated, synergistic \"postwar economic system\" embodied in the permanent employment system of industrial relations, the main bank systems, and management independence. Employees rather than shareholders are the main potential constraints, so managers have given strong priority to employee interests.ÊJapan\'s mediocre economic performance since 1991, and a range of publicized corporate scandals is now undermining this system. Government policies and public pressure have improved corporate disclosure and transparency, and have made corporate governance through capital markets feasible. While managers in the future will place greater weight on shareholder interests, only a few companies are likely to adopt the Anglo-American corporateÊgovernance model. More likely is the gradual development ofÊa hybrid approach in which management retainsÊconsiderable autonomy and employee interests remain important.Ê
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - February 28, 2005

• Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Financing Constraints, Hedging, and Exports: Evidence from Firm Level Data , Dekle, Robert; Ryoo, Heajin
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.”Ê An important puzzle in internatio nal macroeconomics is the exchange rateÊ disconnectÊ puzzle. Nominal exchange rates seem to be unrelated to other macroeconomic variables,Ê for example, export quantities. This paper uses Japanese firm level data to examine whetherÊexchange rate fluctuations are strongly related to the export quantities of firms. We build a simultaneous nonlinear structural model with external financing costs, and estimate the model on 14 separate Japanese 4 digit level industries. We find that export volumes at the firm level are significantly affected by exchange rate fluctuations. We find higher elasticit ies of exports with respect to exchange rates than in previous work. Our results cast some doubt on the prevailing wisdom that exchange rates have no effect on trade. Finally, we find in our data that financing constraints play an important role in affecting the sensitivity of exports to exchange rate fluctuations. Firms that are less financially constrained -for example,Êkeiretsu firms- tend toÊhave lower exchange rate elasticities, which is consistent with our model.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• From Cozy Regulation to Competative Markets: The Regime Shift of Japan's Financial System , Patrick, Hugh
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” The Japanese banking and financial systems are substantially along the transformation process of shifting from one regime to a new one. The “postwar” financial regime was characterized by extraordinary high priority placed by the Japanese regulators on financial system safety. To that end they restricted capital market development, and established the conditions in which no bank could fail: deposits and loans to business as the predominant financial instruments; wide interest rate spreads; no entry and no exit mechanisms; close, informal, opaque, administrative guidance by the Ministry of Finance with little disclosure, is what evolved into a cozy, collusive, nontransparent relationship between regulator and those regulated…in other words, the cliché “bank convoy system.” This protected system gradually dissolved once growth in the Japanese economy in the mid-1970s shifted from being supply constrained to inadequate aggregate demand constrained. With credit becoming easily available, deregulation began its very slow, piecemeal, gradual process, evolving to the new financial system regime today based in principle on open, free, competitive financial markets. The transformation was complicated and made much more expensive by the stock and urban real estate bubbles of the late 1980s, the bursting of which destroyed the collateral value of loans, compounded by Japan’s miserable economic performance of the 1990s. Today Japan’s financial system rates on highly competitive capital and loan markets, with Japanese financial institutions weak and engaged in consolidation, and many major foreign financial institutions as active players in many Japanese wholesale financial markets.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• Has Japan's Innovative Capacity Declined? , Nakamura, Yoshiaki
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This paper examines Japan\'s R&D performance since the early 1980s using several complementary modes of analysis. First, we examine evidence from aggregate economic statistics concerning changes in Japanese corporate R&D. Second, we analyze comprehensive data on R&D inputs and outputs for a panel of nearly 200 Japanese firms. Microeconometric analysis of this data set allows us to examine where any downturn in R&D activity is concentrated, what Japanese firms are themselves doing to rectify the downturn in performance, and what effects these steps have had to date. Third, we relate the results of interviews with corporate R&D managers and informed industry observers concerning their perceptions of changes in Japanese innovative capacity and the reasons for these changes. We find evidence, at the micro level and the aggregate level, of a slowdown in the growth rate of Japanese research productivity in the 1990s.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Idiosyncratic Risk and Creative Destruction in Japan , Hamao, Yasushi; Mei, Jianping; Xu, Yexiao
  Note: In order to access the paper, select Publications from the Menu on the left and choose Working Papers. The dramatic rise and fall of the Japanese equity market provides us with a unique opportunity to examine market-and firm-specific risks over different market conditions. Contrary to the U.S. experience, we document a surprising fall in firm-level volatility and turnover in Japanese stocks after the market crash. Accordingly, correlations among individual stocks have increased and the number of stocks needed to achieve a given level of diversification has declined. As a consequence, we suggest that it has become more difficult over the past decade for both investors and managers to separate high-quality from low-quality firms, making the Japanese market less efficient. Moreover, changes in firm-level volatilities are positively related to corporate bankruptcies, indicating that improvements in information efficiency occur when regulations on corporate bankruptcies are relaxed. These results suggest that the sharp fall in firm-level volatility during the 1990-1996 period could be due to a lack of corporate restructuring. This is more evident for firms with business group and main bank affiliations, whose firm-level volatility is less dependent on economic conditions than that of firms with no affiliations. Thus, we argue that a lack of "creative destruction" may have led to Japanese market inefficiency and a vicious cycle of capital misallocation.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Inflation Targeting Discussions in Japan - unconventional monetary policy under deflation: How People Have Argued; Why the BOJ Opposes Adoption , Fujiki, Minako
  Inflation targeting has been adopted by many centralÊbanks all over the world, and has brought about the successful result of reducing inflation rates and enhancing the central bank’s independence, transparency and accountability. Could this regime also effective work in Japan, whose economy has been suffering from deflation, by creating inflationary expectations? Krugman\'s suggestion in 1998 that Japan introduce as unconventional monetary measure to get out of a liquidity trap by fueling inflation triggered the debate about inflation targeting. A number of economists, policymakers, journalists and central banker both inside and outside Japan have hotly argued the policy and their opinions range from the mundane to the esoteric. This paper seeks to examine both sides of the inflation targeting argument and tries to sort through the confusing discussions.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - February 28, 2005

• Is Foreign Direct Investment a Channel of Knowledge Spillovers? evidence from Japan's FDI in the U.S. , Branstetter, Lee
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” Recent empirical work has examined the extent to which international trade fosters international \\\"spillovers\\\" of technological information. FDI is an alternate, potentially equally important channel for the mediation of such knowledge spillovers. I introduce a framework for measuring international knowledge spillovers at the firm level, and I useÊthis framework to directly test the hypothesis that FDI is a channel of knowledge spillovers for Japanese multinationals undertaking direct investments in the United States. Using an original firm-level data set on Japanese firms’ FDI and innovative activity, I find evidence that FDI increases the flow of knowledge spilloversÊ both from and to the investing Japanese firms.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• Japan Financial Report , Fukao, Mitsuhiro; Harada, Nobuyuki
  The report discusses the Profitability of Japanese Industries: Non-financial Sectors, Banks and Life-Insurance Companies.
  www.jcer.or.jp/eng/ - November 18, 2004

• Japan in August 2003 , Thompson, Craig
  This publication provides a comprehensive coverage and analysis of developments in domestic and international politicsÊof Japan. ItÊ closely follows signifficant events that take place on the domestic and international arenas. The timelines included into the article are particularly useful for a reader.
  www.jiia.or.jp/index-en.html - November 23, 2004

• Japan in July 2003 , Thomson, Craig
  The article provider a comprehensive analysis of political events that took place in Japan in July 2003. The highlight of the publication is discussion of the Social Measures Law on Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance for Iraq. The publication also covers developments in global politics viewingÊthem from the position of Japan.
  www.jiia.or.jp/index-en.html - November 23, 2004

• Japan in June 2003 , Thompson, Craig
  The acticle discusses and analyses developments of domestic and international policies in Japan. One of the major highlight of the publication is the discussion of the trinity reforms.
  www.jiia.or.jp/index-en.html - November 23, 2004

• Japan in May 2003 , Thomson, Craig
  The article covers major events in polical and financial life of Japan that took place in May of 2003. Emergency Contingency Legislation are in the center of discussion.
  www.jiia.or.jp/index-en.html - November 23, 2004

• Japan's Asia Policy , Inoguchi, Takashi
  The author argues that there are similarities in opinions of Western Europeans and Japanese about Greater Asia in the 21st Century. Providing an analysis of changes in the Japanese foreign policy - from isolationism to one of the leaders - the author puts an emphasis on the dinamics ofÊSino-Japanese relations and the roleÊ the U.S. playsÊin them.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00058.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Japan's Economy in the New Century: A New Vision for Growth , Miyagawa, Tsutomu; Ito, Yukiko
  In order for Japan to liberate itself from these recurring crises, the country needs not only a short-term policy, but and medium to long-term vision of economic growth. If Japan can undergo a structural reform that will make efficient use of its accumulated stock of R&D and social capital, under a continuous environment of a depreciating yen, then Japan will grow at an average rate of 1.6% per year by the year 2025. A surplus will be attained in the primary balance in 2011, due to the reduction in public investment and srastic reform in the social security sector on the fiscal scale.
  www.jcer.or.jp/eng/ - November 18, 2004

• Japan's Internal Debt , Beim, David
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” Does internal debt matter? Japan’s yen-denominated public debt now totals 140% of GDP, and this number continues to rise rapidly. What constraints will this growing debt finally encounter? I argue that finance can postpone but not eliminate payments owed by the government to the private sector. The combination of continuing Keynsian budget deficits, bleeding banks, over-leveraged municipalities and massive pension liabilities will ultimately bring into question the credibility of the government’s many promises. The result could be a massive issuance of new currency.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Japan: New Nationalism or Seeking Normalcy? , Fuqua, Jacques
  The article offers a profound discussion of the developments in Japanese defence strategy. It covers the issues of relations between Japan and the U.S. and other Asian countries.
  www.indiana.edu/%7Eeasc/security_issues/index.html#newnationalism - January 27, 2005

• Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth , Mosk, Carl
  Japan achieved sustained growth in per capita income between the 1880s and 1970 through industrialization. Moving along an income growth trajectory through expansion of manufacturing is hardly unique. Indeed Western Europe, Canada, Australia and the United States all attained high levels of income per capita by shifting from agrarian-based production to manufacturing and technologically sophisticated service sector activity. Still, there are four distinctive features of Japan\'s development through industrialization that merit discussion: proto-industrial base, investment-led growth,Ê and total factor productivity growth. The author analizes these stages and provides a useful analytical framework for understanding Japan\'s industrial development. Ê
  eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=mosk.japan.final - March 3, 2005

• Keio Communications Review , Institute for Media and Communications Research
  The periodical covers results of the most recent research on media influence on politics, language, culture, and daily life of Japanese society.
  www.mediacom.keio.ac.jp/english/publication.html - November 11, 2004

• Limitations and Side Effects of Using Fiscal Policy to Adjust Business Cycle: Lessons from Japan*1 , Zhang, Shuying
  The discussion paper is made up of three parts. The first part covers the perios after World War II. It analyses the fiscal policy of Japan regarding adjusted business cycle, examining its policy basis from a historical perspective. The second part analyses public finance and how it had an adjusted effect on prosperity in Japan. The third part analyses the economic side-effects of the public investment.
  www.cass.net.cn/chinese/s30_rbs/english/publication/zhangsy-e1.htm - November 9, 2004

• Memory Wars: Politics of War Remembrance in Japan , Fujiwara, Kiichi
  Dr. Kiichi Fujiwara will examine the issue of how wars are not forgotten; they are repeatedly remembered, and that the political impact of war memories may increase over time. He has written that memories of war may be quite distinct in their morals and lessons; conflicts break out by the encounter of diverse memories, as in the case of war memories in Asia. In the seminar, Dr. Fujiwara will discuss the rise and fall of various war memories, along with their relation to the political setting of the time.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00070.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Papers on Japan , Nautilus Institute
  A list of publications with active links to actual papers on various issues of political, economic and financial life of Japan. A large amount of papers is devoted to energy sector.
  www.nautilus.org/papers/regional.html#japan - November 23, 2004

• Parallel Imports and the Japan Fair Trade Commission , Flath, David; Nariu, Tatsuhiko
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” We review the facts pertaining to some recent antimonopoly cases in Japan involving interference with unauthorized imports, so-called parallel imports, and propose economic explanations for the behavior of the foreign manufacturers in these cases. The intellectual property law of Japan provides a mechanism for private obstruction of parallel imports but under the antimonopoly law of Japan as implemented by the Japan Fair Trade Commission such obstruction is per se illegal. To the extent that price discrimination is the rationale for obstruction of parallel imports the JFTC policy hasÊÊpromoted lower prices and increased economic welfare in Japan. But we argue that in several of the cases we examine the rationale for obstructing parallel imports was to preserve incentives for distributors to invest and innovate and to preserve efficient marketing arrangements that depended upon resale price maintenance.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Policy Challenges and the Reform of Postal Savings in Japan , Scher, Mark J.
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This paper discusses the current policy challenges to the existence of Japan\'s postal saving system, the main repository for Japan\'s household savings.Some critics have erroneously conflated the investment function of mobilized funds that occurred under the government\'s managed by the Ministry of Finance, with the collection mechanism managed separately by the Ministry of Posts. Critically reviewed are the efficacy and wisdom of the search for market-oriented investment policies in view of the public\'s real fears for the safety of their savings; current proposals to privatize, not only the postal savings system but also the post delivery system itself and the potential loss of essential services to rural populations.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Public-Interest Corporations in Japan Today: Data-Scientific Approach , Sakasawa Peace Foundation
  This article describes the results of a statistical survey for public-interest corporations in Japan Today. First the brief introduction of position of public-interest corporations in non-profit organizations in Japan is given. Then, the probability sampling design and the methods to heighten the quality of data are shown with its evaluation. The multifarious features of public-interest corporations are depicted by various methods of data analysis. The characteristic features of public interest corporations, which are hidden in data, are revealed by a sophisticated method of data science. The Japanese characteristics of public-interest corporations are also elucidated.
  www.spf.org/e/special/p_interest.html - November 9, 2004

• Putting E-Commerce to Work: The Japanese Convenience Store Case , Rapp, William; ul Islam, Mazhar
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.”Investment of IT (Information Technology) came to be positively advanced in various industries after 1980. However, in the late 1980s, as for the improvement in the productivity by the investment of information systems, the economist Robert Solow developed the \"paradox of productivity theory\" which claims that the introduction of information systems does not lead to higher productivity. On the other hand, as a result of good strategy on the development of IT industries, the U.S. economy after 1991 was in good condition over a span of 10 years, until 2001. The Federal Reserve Bank Chairman Alan Greenspan came to suggest \"the New Economy theory\", which is caused by the investment of IT. It posed a problem in the1980s about investment of IT in the industries and the companies; it is not clear whether or not it made a good impact on corporate management. In this paper, we have measured the economical effects of IT investment by industries in Japan. Consequently, in Japan, the effect of IT investment in most industries will be low or minus in the first half of the 1990s, compared with the second half of the 1980s. However, the effect of IT investment is again changed to a rise or plus after 1995. This has a big relation to the advancement of IT, such as evolution of an information network, and there is also change in the management of IT itself. These results will support our objective which is to consider the directions of more effective IT investment, as well as to give the right direction of corporate management for the future in Japan.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Quarterly Forcast of Japanese Economy , Ishida, Kazuhiko; Nagamachi, Rieko; Iiduka, Nobuo
  The periodical provides a comprehensive analysis of trends in Japanese economy.
  www.jcer.or.jp/eng/ - November 18, 2004

• Sino-Japanese Relations Entering A New Stage , Yang, Bojiang
  Relationies inÊ between China and Japan have weathered 30 turbulent years since the normalization of diplomatic the 1972. During these three decades, developments of the Sino-Japanese Relations in all areas produced feracious results. The governments of the two countries seigned a series of important deocuments one after another, including the Joint Communique of the Government of Japna and teh Government of the People's Republic of China, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of ChinaÊand the Japan-China Joint Declaration of Building a Partnership of Friendship and Cooperation for Peace and Development.ÊUp until today, the Sino-Japanese Relations have maintained the overall trend of constant development, paced by a relationship of friendship and cooperation. At the same time, however, wich the times and the turn of events, the Sino-Japanese Relations in the 21st century are going to be confronted with new issues and challenges as well as a range of opportunities. This paper provides a discussion of the possible developments in the Sino-Japanese relations in the new era.
  www.jiia.or.jp/pdf/shuppan/kokumon_e/514-yang.pdf - November 23, 2004

• Technological Superiority and the Losses From Migration , Davis, Donald R., Weinstein, David E.
  Note: In order to access the paper, select Publications from the Menu on the left and choose Working Papers. Two facts motivate this study. (1) The United States is the world's most productive economy. (2) The US is the destination for a broad range of net factor inflows: unskilled labor, skilled labor, and capital. Indeed, these two facts may be strongly related: All factors seek to enter the US because of the US technological superiority. The literature on international factor flows rarely links these two phenomena, instead considering one-at-a-time analyses that stress issues of relative factor abundance. This is unfortunate, since the welfare calculations differ markedly. In a simple Ricardian framework, a country that experiences immigration of factors motivated by technological differences always loses from this migration relative to a free trade baseline, while the other country gains. We provide simple calculations suggesting that the magnitude of the losses for US natives may be quite large, $72 billion dollars per year or 0.8 percent of GDP.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• The "Hidden" Side of the "Flying-Geese" catch-up Model: Japan's Dirigiste Institutional Setup and a Deepening Financial Morass , Ozawa, Terutomo
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” Akamatsu’s original \"flying geese (FG)\" growth model is often used as a frame of reference for both further conceptual elaborations and empirical explorations. So far have only the positive side and results of FG development been focused on and emphasized in connection with Asia’s phenomenal growth in the pre-crisis period. The Japanese economy, supposedly Asia’s lead goose, is in the eleventh consecutive year of stagnation. How has such a once successful lead goose come to be stricken by financial woes? This paper points out that Japan’s once miraculous FG growth was made possible because it established an effectiveÊdirigiste catch-up regime in the early postwar period but that Japan’s present financial predicament is paradoxically a path-dependent outcome of such an FG strategy. The institutional, especially financial, dimension of FG strategy needs to be taken into account to explain why such a strategy once proved effective but later culminated in a deepening financial morass. The FG model should encompass not only the industrial dimension of catch-up but also its institutional, particularly financial, dimension.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• The 30th Medium-term Forecast of the Japanese Economy , Masubuchu, Katsuhiko; Takeuchi, Fumihide
  The report covers two major features of the medium-term ecnomic forecest: the demand creating effects of structural reform and a concrete suggestions regarding creating a path for financial rebuilding.
  www.jcer.or.jp/eng/ - November 18, 2004

• The Difference in Taxation on Financial Transactions Between Japan and the United States , Kawakami, Naotaka
  The income taxation systems on financial transactions in Japan are much different from those in the U.S.; they adopt withholding and separated taxation systems on interest and capital gains from security transactions. These current systems reflect two characteristics of the Japanese society - an excess savings economy and the restriction of tax implementation. The U.S. comprehensive income taxation system has long been a model since Japan had an overall tax reform based on the recommendations by Columbia Professor Shoup in 1950, but recently, many proposals of overall tax reform in the U.S. seem to deviate from the conventional idea of comprehensive income taxation and prefer a consumption tax or a broad-based income tax like the Comprehensive Business Income Tax (CBIT). Also in Japan, deviating from the idea of comprehensive taxation, the Dual Income Taxation (DIT) in the Nordic countries, which taxes all capital income ay the proportional corporate tax rate lower than that on labor income, seem to attract more interest from tax specialists. Japan had major reforms of taxation on capital gains from security transitions in 2001. Focusing on teh argument over the capital gains taxation and the overall taxation on capital income, this paper surveys the arguments of U.S. economists over them and their implications, evaluates the recent reforms of capital gains taxation in Japan, and argues about the desirable future taxation system in Japan.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - February 28, 2005

• The End of "Lifetime Employment" in Japan? Evidence From National Surveys and Field Research , Kato, Takao
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” Using both quantitative data from national surveys and qualitative data from our recent field research, this paper provides evidence on the recent transformation of Japan’s celebrated practice of “lifetime employment” (or implicit long-term employment contract for the regular workforce). Overall, contrary to the popular rhetoric of “the end of lifetime employment,” evidence points to the enduring nature of such practice in Japan. Specifically, we find little evidence for any major decline in the job retention rates of Japanese employees from the period prior to the burst of the bubble economy in late 1980s to the post-bubble period. In general, our field research corroborates the main finding from the job retention rates by describing vividly that large firms in Japan have been doing everything that they can to avoid laying off their workers. However, the field research also points to a potentially important measurement issue with the job retention rates wich may cause job retention rates to overstate the importance of long-term, employment in recent years. Lastly, the burden of downsizing appears to fall disproportionately on young workers and middle-age workers with shorter tenure. Ê Ê
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• The Japanese Distribution Sector in Economic Perspective: The Large Store Law and Retail Density , Flath, David
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” This paper compiles facts on the distribution sector of Japan and puts them in historical and international context, expresses in a coherent way the conventional view that the peculiar features of Japan?s distribution sector are due to distorting government regulations, and provides new evidence that bears on the truthfulness of that proposition. We find that regulation has indeed mattered, but that fundamentals like Japan?s geographic centricity, lack of private cars and smallness of dwellings have had a larger effect. A myriad of small stores is the crucial characteristic of the Japanese distribution sector, from which other peculiarities such as the complex wholesale marketing channels with multiple steps and ubiquity of vertical restraints also follow. And regulations inhibiting stores with large floor space, in particular the Large Store Law, have been identified by many as the fundamental reason for Japan?s proliferation of small stores. That law was relaxed in 1994 and in 2000 was completely replaced by a new law that shifts responsibility for regulating large stores from the national government to the prefectures. The new law may well lead to a perpetuation of regulatory barriers. But the regulatory limits on large stores have probably mattered a lot less than many suppose. Estimates presented here show that in the period 1985 to 1997 the variation in the number of stores per person across prefectures and over time exhibited little sensitivity to variation in the numbers of large stores per person. Japan?s proliferation of small stores is fundamentally due, not to regulation, but to its relative lack of private cars and to its small dwellings. Regulatory limits on large stores are themselves the result of the ubiquity of small stores, not the other way around. The Large Store Law could survive politically precisely because its distorting effects were small (There were bound to be a lot of small stores in Japan even without government protection). This is now changing. Increased private car ownership and suburbanization in Japan are favoring large specialty super stores and convenience stores and undercutting the small, family-owned non-self service stores. This process is not only reducing the overall number of stores in Japan, it is also enlarging the distorting effects of regulatory limits on large stores, and to just that extent it is eroding the political viability of such policies.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• The Journal of Japanese Studies , Project Muse
  The Journal of Japanese Studies is the most influential journal dealing with research on Japan available in the English language. Since 1974, it has published the results of scholarly research on Japan in a wide variety of social science and humanities disciplines, as well as translations of articles from Japanese and substantive book reviews.
  muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_japanese_studies/ - February 24, 2005

• The Recent Transformation of Participatory Employment Practices in Japan , Kato, Takao
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.”Using both qualitative data from national surveys and qualitative data from a field research, this paper provides evidence on the responses of Japanese firms in their use of participatory employment practices to the economic slowdown in the 1990s in general and the recent financial crisis in particular.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 2, 2005

• Tward ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership , Yamazawa, Ippei; Hiratsuka, Daisuke, ed.
  This volume presents a board overview of ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership, whose framework has been agreed in November 2003. Part I analyses economic effect of AJCEP over ASEAN and Japan. Part II illustrates viewpoints of ASEAN countries toward AJCEP.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sympro/024.html - November 16, 2004

• US-Japan Relations in the Age of Globalization , Iriye, Akira
  The US-Japan relationship must now be understood within the framework of globalization. But what, exactly, does "globalization" mean? How can we better define globalization? How has the US-Japan relationship been transformed in the process of globalization? The health and viability of the bilateral relationship, therefore, would depend on the degree to which the two can cooperate, at both the governmental and societal level, in coping with the challenge fo further globalization. This task entails educational efforts as well as geostrategic coordination and economic interdependence. Unless this difficult task is carried out, the bilateral partnership may lose its significance.
  www.bookpark.ne.jp/cm/spfv/select_e.asp - November 9, 2004

• What does the consumption tax mean to Japanese society and the U.S. society? , Kawakami, Naotaka
  The Japanese tax system reflects the characteristics of postwar Japanese society. The emphasis on an equal income distribution, the concern for assets - especially land, and the dominance of corporations as a form of business are the consistent trends. More recent are the realities of the aging society and the transformation from insufficient savings to express savings. Combined with the restriction of tax implementation these two trends were the main motives for the introduction of the current Consumption Tax and the current separated taxation on a large part of capital income in the 1987-88 reform. Based on different backgrounds, the priorities of tax reforms in Japan and in the U.S. are also different. One confusing thing from a Japanese perspective is that a consumption tax also seems to attract many U.S. economists and policymakers. Mainly surveying the arguments over the consumption tax, this paper shows what is common and what is different between the debates on overall tax reforms in the two countries. While there are many problems unique to the Japanese Consumption Tax, there may be something in the U.S. arguments over a consumption tax the Japanese should learn from.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - February 28, 2005

          BACK TO TOP

• A Country Study: North Korea , The Library of Congress
  A conprehensive overview ofÊpolitical, social, security, and economic situation in theÊcountry. The site can be a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in North Korea.
  lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kptoc.html - March 22, 2005

• A Role for Russia in Korean Settlement , Wolf, David
  In the 1980s, it was all the rage for America to try and imitate the \"Japanese miracle\". In the 1990s the collapsed and rather chaotic former Soviet Union spoke longingly of the \"Chinese model\", a more orderly transition to the market mediated by the party elite still resolutely maintaining control of a few crucial institutions. Now, Moscow sources insist, the North Koreans are drawn to \"Russian structures\", where the \"power ministries\" dominate the agenda and the rich natural resource base is sufficient to keep a small elite well-fed. This makes some think that a Russian presence in the process could help broker the verifiable discontinuation of all North Korean WMD programs, if coupled to a plan to guarantee Pyongyang\'s security and a reliable source of energy in one form or another. North Korea would surrender all weapons of mass destruction and their components that may be on North Korean soil at the time that agreement comes into effect. Production programs will also be permanently terminated.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Wolff.htm - February 24, 2005

• A Study on Local Energy Business Development and Cooperative Measures for the Balanced Development of Local Areas , Kim, Z. O.
  This project tried to examine the basic causes closely, in which forms the detrimental factors in regional balance development using the industrial organizational methodology. Furthermore, we attempted to investigate the energy projects which become non-preference facilities such as Nimby facilities in local government and to relocate them into the friendly relationship to environment. Therefore, we tried to suggest alternative plans to the local government in Korea that they are able to solve the discord structure arising from people¡¯s request for pollution within local government as well as to cooperate the plans between the local governments.
  www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/en_publish.nsf/frame.htm?ReadForm&url=/web_keei/en_publish.nsf/ByallV/9B60AA51B6FC362F49256F8E00421023?OpenDocument - February 9, 2005

• A Study on the Effects of the LIberalization of Oil Prices on Energy Prices and Consumption and Industrial Production Activities , Moon, Y.S.
  It is a very important research topic to evaluate the performance of oil price liberalization on domestic oil product price, oil consumption, and industrial activities. In order to study this topic, we have to understand the background and rationale of the oil price liberalization and how this deregulation is actually affecting the market. Also we need to find out what oil consumer, oil industry and the whole economy actually respond to this policy change. To answer these questions, this research follows the logical step to investigate the impact of international oil price to domestic oil product price, and in turn to the change of oil consumption, and finally to the change of industrial activities. Of course, the various changes of behavior and responses of economic agents themselves are not the sole objective of the oil price deregulation. However oil price liberalization was a shift of regulation regime, it surely had some impact on the behavior of economic agents. We will try to derive policy implications from the understanding on the economic impact of oil price liberalization.
  www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/en_publish.nsf/frame.htm?ReadForm&url=/web_keei/en_publish.nsf/ByallV/D7D377DFC15BCFF149256F8900177406?OpenDocument - February 9, 2005

• Assessment of the North Korean Missile Threat , Wright, David C.
  There is significant concern in the United States about the North Korean ballistic missile program and its ability to threaten US territory and allies. Since the mid-1980s, North Korea has-likely with significant foreign assistance-developed and produced a series of ballistic missiles of increasing range. It now deploys missiles with ranges able to reach all of South Korea and Japan, and is developing longer range missiles. It is also known to have transferred missile technology, as well as complete missiles, to other countries. Assessments of North Korea's military capability often portray North Korea as possessing a long-range nuclear missile capability, or as able to rapidly acquire one. This is not true. The author offers his perspective and analysis of the military capabilities and their influence on the international position of North Korea.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Wright.htm - February 24, 2005

• Changes in the South Korean Agricultural Structure in the 1990's (Summary) , Kuramochi, Kazuo
  This paper uses government statistics to analyze and examine changes in the South Korean agricultural structure in the 1990's.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 29, 2004

• China and North Korean "Refugees" , McCarthy, Thomas F.
  The author, Thomas F. McCarthy, has traveled frequently to the DPRK as an agricultural development consultant and has worked in Washington, most recently in cooperation with the Atlantic Council's 'Korea in Transition Program.'  McCarthy argues that NGOs have no right to risk the consequences of Chinese or DPRK decisions to prevent people from receiving continued aid because of misdirected efforts to turn their plight into an international political issue.  Instead, these groups could be more effective by supporting World Bank and IMF efforts at development assistance programs.
  69.44.62.160/archives/pub/ftp/napsnet/special_reports/mccarthy_refugees.txt - March 21, 2002

• China and the Korean Peninsula: Playing for the Long-Term , Shambaugh, David
  The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors (both internal and external), influencing China\'s policies towards North Korea. The paper makes several predictions regarding the future developments of the bilateral relations.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Shambaugh.htm - February 24, 2005

• Democracy, History, and Migrant Labor in South Korea: Korean Chinese, North Koreans, and Guest Workers , Park, Hyun Ok
  This paper concerns the paradox of democratization in South Korea, whose progression has been entwined with neoliberal capitalism beginning in the 1990s. A particular form of democratization addressed in this paper is the broad-reaching initiatives to transform the relationship between the state and society. Specifically, the initiative to rewrite colonial and cold-war history was examined. This particular initiative is part of an effort to correct a longstanding tendency of previous military regimes that suppressed the resolution of colonial legacies and framed Korean national history within an ideological confrontation of capitalist South Korea and communist North Korea.
  ksp.stanford.edu/publications/20790/ - February 22, 2005

• Economic History of Korea , Cha, Myung Soo
  Two regime shifts divide the economic history of Korea during the past six centuries into three distinct periods: 1) the period of Malthusian stagnation up to 1910, when Japan annexed Korea; 2) the colonial period from 1910-45, when the country embarked upon modern economic growth; and 3) the post colonial decades, when living standards improved rapidly in South Korea, while North Korea returned to the world of disease and starvation. The dramatic history of living standards in Korea presents one of the most convincing pieces of evidence to show that institutions -- particularly the government -- matter for economic growth. The paper analyzes these period in detail.
  eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=cha.korea - March 3, 2005

• Economoic Cooperation on the Korean Peninsula , Babson, Bradley O.
  There has always been an undercurrent of ambivalence in U.S. attitudes towards economic cooperation with the Democratic Peoples\' Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the one hand, an economically weak DPRK is inherently less capable of waging war and developing weapons of mass destruction than an economically strong DPRK. From this perspective, the economic distress of the 1990\'s clearly has altered the security balance in favor of U.S. and Republic of Korea (ROK) interests. On the other hand, an economic collapse in DPRK could lead to potentially highly destabilizing developments, including large-scale population movements across borders and the risk of the leadership initiating armed conflict as an act of desperation. Similarly, continuing economic distress could force DPRK to revert to dependence on China and Russia, perpetuating its isolation and inhibiting the creation of a new security architecture for Northeast Asia that better suits the interests of all Big Powers concerned than continuation of the status quo. The author further explores this argument and offers some interesting theories about the US involvement in North Korean development.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Babson.htm - February 24, 2005

• Ending the North Korean Nuclear Crisis , The Korea Task Force
  The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the current situation in North Korea and makes policy recommendations for the policy makers in the United States.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/Web%20Report.pdf - February 24, 2005

• Facts and Myths about Korea's Economic Past , Cha, Myung Soo
  The orthodoxy in South and North Korean historiography states that Japan’s annexation of Korea in 1910 wrought havoc on indigenous economic development and started an era of exploitation lasting until 1945. Recent studies show the claim to be based less upon facts than upon Marxist dogma and nationalist sentiment. During the nineteenth century, Korea was not on the verge of modern economic growth, but in demographic and economic decline. Living standards improved and industrialisation occurred in the context of rapid pop-ulation growth during the colonial period due to transfer of capital and advanced technology from Japan.
  ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr/~mscha/ - March 3, 2005

• Finding Our Way Anew to a Denuclearized Koreean Peninsula , Albright, David
  Revelations in October 2002 about North Korea\'s uranium enrichment program have derailed efforts to denuclearize the Korean peninsula. Any such enrichment program would be expected to produce highly enriched uranium, a nuclear weapons-usable explosive material. As a result, North Korea\'s effort to build a plant able to make HEU is equivalent to its earlier efforts to place in operation a plutonium separation plant at Yongbyon. The priority must be finding a way to restore a path to a denuclearized Korean peninsula. As in the earlier crisis over plutonium separation, some advocate isolating North Korea and threatening it militarily to force its compliance with its international commitments not to possess nuclear weapons. However, a military approach is risky and unlikely to succeed in any case without incurring a significant risk of a devastating regional war. However, defining an acceptable diplomatic strategy is difficult. The author makes an attempt to further desepher the reasons behind this problem and make valid recommendations to the policy-makers.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Albright.htm - February 24, 2005

• Forgotten Lessons of Helsinki: Human Rights and U.S.-North Korean Relations , Feffer, John
  In developing a strategy toward North Korea, many human rights activists and members of U.S. Congress have mistakenly applied experiences drawn from East-West relations during the Cold War. The recent culmination of this strategy, the congressional passage of the North Korea Human Rights Act, has only compounded this mistaken interpretation. Unlike Eastern Europe or the Soviet Union of the 1970s and 80s, North Korea possesses no civil society, critical intelligentsia, or significant variant of "reform communism." There are no opportunities for civil society actors to connect with indigenous democratic movements. Furthermore, attempts to "link" any security or arms control deals with North Korea to improvements in the human rights realm -- as the recent legislation tries to do -- will likely result in neither greater security nor improved human rights conditions.
  ksp.stanford.edu/publications/20757/ - February 22, 2005

• Korea and Asian Security in the 21st Century , Moon, Chung-in
  National Division, the Korean War, and protracted military conflict on the Korean peninsula have long been considered a product of the Cold War bipolar structure. Likewise,strategic interactions among four major regional actors and the balance of power have dictated the nature of peace and stability on the Korean peninsula. Since the end of the Cold War, however, strategic paremeters in the region have begun to change repidly. Along with the changes, contending visions of future strategic position of a unified Korea have emerged. They include the maintenance of the status quo, aligning with the maritime power, aligning with the continental power, power rejection as a middle power, and a permanent neutral state. The seminar will examine each of these future scenarios on Korea's strategic positioning in the post-unification period and make impact assessments of these scenarious on regional security.Ê
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00013.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Korea before 1945 , Cha, Myung Soo
  Korea had suffered a long history of stagnation before Japan colonized and began to modernize the country in 1910.Ê So concluded the Japanese scholars, who pioneered during the colonial era (1910-1945) modern research into Korea’s economic past.Ê Denouncing this picture as a misrepresentation intended to defend the colonial rule, post-colonial historians in both South and North Korea presented a more optimistic view that “sprouts of capitalism” emerged in Korea during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Ê Accumulating evidence on living standards indicates neither of the two assertions is entirely correct.Ê The standard of living fell in Korea for at least a century before improving from around 1900.Ê What explains the long swing in the Korean living standards?
  ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr/~mscha/ - March 3, 2005

• Korea in Russia's Post Cold War Regional Political Context , Bazhanov, Evgeny
  This article examines the role of Korea in Russia's Post-Soviet foreign policy. Dr. Bazhanov is one of Russia's leading authorities on North Korea.
  gsti.miis.edu/CEAS-PUB/Bazhanov--Post_Soviet_Russia_and_Korea.pdf - September 29, 2004

• Korean Food, Korean Identity; The Impact of Globalization on Korean Agriculture , Feffer, John
  In a divided country, cold noodles serve as an important reminder of a common culture. They also represent a unique contribution that the economically weaker North Korea can bring to the reunification process. But however tasty Pyongyang-style mul naengmyen may be, cold noodles ensure neither a sustainable livelihood for every North Korean defector nor an equal place at the reunification table for North Korea. The author explores intricate details of recent history of the Korean Peninsula making unique observations revealing some very interesting links between the agricultural practices and political realities.  
  ksp.stanford.edu/publications/20815/ - February 21, 2005

• Korean Studies , Epstein, Stephen
  This electronic review journal endeavours to provide timely reviews of the latest work in Korean Studies.
  koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/ - February 16, 2005

• Korean Studies Newsletter , University of Hawaii at Manoa
  The Korean Studies Newsletter is a cooperative effort of the Committee on Korean Studies, Northeast Asia Council, Association for Asian Studies, and the University of Hawai‘i Center for Korean Studies. The newsletter is published semiannually (in July and December).
  www.hawaii.edu/korea/pages/Publications/Newsletters/newsletterindex.htm - February 15, 2005

• Multilateral Collaboration in Korea: A View from Russia , Bazhanov, Evgeny
  This article is a working paper written by one of Russia's leading authorities on North Korea. Dr. Bazhanov presents a Russian perspective on the conflict on the Korean Peninsula and multilateral prescriptions for resolving the tensions.
  gsti.miis.edu/CEAS-PUB/Bazhanov--Multilat_in_Korea.pdf - September 29, 2004

• North Korean Defectors and Inter-Korean Reconciliation and Cooperation , Dong-man, Suh
  The government of China swiftly resolved the recent incident where a group of 25 North Korean asylum seekers rushed into the grounds of the Spanish Embassy in Beijing - apparently out of concern that the defection might have a spillover effect, creating a much more serious situation. Reaching South Korea via a third country seems to have become a common method of defection by North Koreans, as in the case involving the Jang Gil-suh family last year. The issue of North Korean defectors is a political minefield, affecting the trilateral relationship between the two Koreas and China. And the latest defection is likely to trigger NGOs that support North Korean defectors to pressure the Seoul government to double its diplomatic efforts to grant them refugee status.
  69.44.62.160/archives/pub/ftp/napsnet/special_reports/DPRKrefugees.txt - May 7, 2002

• On the Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the ROK (Summary) , Kook, Joong-Ho
  This paper provides an overview of the intergovernmental fiscal relations, or the local public finance adjustment system, in ROK, using a model of this system to examine public finance adjustment and the regional equalization effect.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 26, 2004

• Papers on DPRK , Nautilus Institute
  A list of publications with active links to actual paper on various issues of political, economic, security and cultural life of the DPRK.
  www.nautilus.org/papers/regional.html#dprk - November 23, 2004

• Paradox of Korean Globalization , Chin, Gi-Wook
  This chapter first offers a theoretical framework to explain coexistence of nationalism and globalization by considering two interrelated processes: 1) nationalist appropriation of globalization and 2) intensification of ethnic identity in reaction to globalization process. It then presents empirical evidence to demonstrate how these processes have worked in Korean globalization at both official and popular levels.
  ksp.stanford.edu/publications/20125/ - February 22, 2005

• Perspectives on the Future of the Korean Peninsula , Cha, Victor, Joseph P. Ferguson, and Scott Snyder
  Timely in view of North Korea\'s recent efforts to force a nuclear crisis in the region, this issue of the examines the views of the surrounding powers toward the Korean Peninsula, those of China, Japan, and Russia, and raises critical questions about the future of Northeast Asia. North Korean leaders\' insistence on direct bilateral negotiations with the United States fell on deaf ears in the White House, which would accept no less than direct Chinese participation. The reasons for Washington\'s tough stand, to which the Democratic People\'s Republic of Korea (DPRK) eventually bowed, were straightforward. More than any other nation outside the peninsula, China has strategic interests in the North and influence with Pyongyang. In the ultimate view of the Bush Administration, China must share the frustrations negotiators experience with that country\'s untrustworthy leaders, share responsibility for supporting whatever peace can be fashioned with North Korea, and share in implementing any policies that may be required to stop the North from developing or trading dangerous weapons, technologies, and materials. Other Northeast Asian nations have security interests on the peninsula too, and their direct or indirect participation in any talks is consequential. Japanese nuclear restraint is being tested, and Japanese destroyers may be needed to help enforce any trade bans related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD), should such policies become necessary. Russia would like to be involved, may serve as a broker, and should it recover economically might serve as a balancer down the road to offset other powers located in the region. It is important, therefore, to understand how leaders in Beijing, Tokyo, and Moscow assess developments in Korea. Also important for the purposes of U.S. policymakers is understanding the attitude of these three nations toward the U.S. military presence in South Korea.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol14no1/14-1.pdf - June 1, 2003

• Seoul's Engagement with Pyongyang: A Mid-Course Assessment , Lho, Kyongsoo
  Th equestion of peace on the Korean peninsula continues to remain high on the foreign policy agenda for the US and both Koreas. This paper is divided into five parts. First part talks about the beginnings of the Sunshine Policy. Part two briefly looks at the SunshineÊ Policy's outcomes, and its accomplishments. The third part looks at what the author believes to be the fundamentals of any North Korean policy by any South Korean government or the U.S. - South Korea allience. Then, in part four, the author briefly reviews the prospects of for Sunshine PolicyÊin the months and years ahead.ÊThe paper finally concludes with what ought to be the next steps, if the allience is going to pursue a successful North Korea policy in the period ahead. Ê
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00060.pdf - November 9, 2004

• The Conventional Arms Control Agenda , Harrison, Selig S.
  This paper first sets the historical record straight as a prelude to a discussion of how to end the state of war and replace the Armistice machinery. Next, it discusses guidelines for the conventional arms control discussions that would become possible if a peace agreement is concluded and the U.N. Command and Military Armistice Commission are replaced, reviewing little-known North Korean proposals. Finally, the paper suggests specific policy recommendations suggested by the paper for consideration by the Task Force.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Harrison.htm - February 24, 2005

• The Effect of the Financial Crisis on Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Enterprises in the ROK , Kwon, Oh-kyoung
  This paper analyses the way in which the problems faced in the past by small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in the ROK have altered amid the significant changes to the structure of the ROK's economy that have resulted from the financial (sic) experienced by the country.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 26, 2004

• The IMF Crisis and the ROK's Trade (Summary) , Jeong-Guen, Seo
  This is an analysis of South Korea's trade unit surpluses and deficits following the 1997 IMF crisis. This paper may be useful for students and researchers who want a brief overview of the ROK's resulting trade policies.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 29, 2004

• The Journal of Korean Studies , Duncan, John; Shin Gi-Wook eds.
  The Korean Studies Program, in collaboration with Rowman & Littlefield, is proud to announce the continuation of the Journal of Korean Studies, beginning with volume 9 in fall 2004. Between 1979 and 1992, the JKS became a leading academic forum for the publication of innovative in-depth research on Korea. Now under the editorial guidance of Gi-Wook Shin and John Duncan, this journal will continue to be dedicated to quality articles, in all disciplines, on a broad range of topics concerning Korea, both historical and contemporary.
  ksp.stanford.edu/docs/journalofkoreanstudies/ - January 12, 2005

• The ROK Economy at the Starting Line of the 21st Century (summary) , Jonghwan Choi
  While focusing on major macro-economic indicators and trends in major sectors in the ROK economy since the 1990's, this paper considers the economic variables relating to these, as well as various problems and issues in each sector, and attempts to examine the future economic growth path of the ROK.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 26, 2004

• The Ties That Unbind: Japan and U.S. Korea Policy , Namkung, K.A.
  The return of a crisis situation to the Korean peninsula has brought into sharp relief the need for unity on the part of the United States and its allies to deal with the deteriorating situation. All three governments - in Washington, D.C., Tokyo, and Seoul - have repeatedly stressed the importance of acting in concert during this crisis. But there are also new elements on the scene. The advent of a considerably harsher U.S. posture towards North Korea has moved both of its allies in the region to find new formulas to avoid war and exposed the existence of major differences between them and Washington. One is the offer on the part of the President-elect of the Republic of Korea to \\\"mediate\\\" the dispute between Washington and Pyongyang, another is Japan\\\'s earlier bold attempt to establish a political framework for a comprehensive resolution to its differences with North Korea. North Korea for its part has finally come to regard both Japan and South Korea as sovereign entities in their own right. Of equal interest is the new U.S. interest in working with its \\\"friends\\\" in the region, principally Russia and China, to \\\"peacefully\\\" resolve the North Korean issue and in multilateral approaches in general. Thus, the key to resolving the North Korean nuclear issue (and to removing other military threats from the North) lies in setting up six-party talks as called for by Japan and Russia within which various two-way (U.S.-DPRK, Japan-DPRK) and three-way (U.S.-ROK-DPRK) talks on specific issues can be negotiated, thereby meeting the concerns of all of the principal parties, including North Korea. Within this framework, China can facilitate the U.S.-DPRK dialogue, Russia the Japan-DPRK one. Japan has a disproportionately important role to play in this scenario.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Namkung.htm - February 24, 2005

• The Uited States and Korean Unification , Cumings, Bruce
  For more than a decade the serious and seemingly never-ending problem of American relations with North Korea, as presented in soundbites and newspaper paragraphs, has read like a cartoon: the United States, in its original innocence, thinking only of the best interests of the Korean people, confronts a renegade state run by a mad totalitarian dictator, starving his people to death in the interests of just one thing: nuclear weapons and the missiles to carry them. Once this lunatic has those means at his disposal, he will not hesitate to take out one, two, many American cities. The author examines influence of the American media on the process of development of the U.S. - North Korea Relations and the role of the country in possible unification of the devided Korean Peninsula.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Cumings.htm - February 24, 2005

• U.S. Interests and Goals on the Korean Peninsula , Sigal, Leon V.
  This paper examines U.S. interests and long-term goals on the Korean Peninsula and strategies for achieving them. A review of U.S. actions over the past decade and North Korean responses, including its actions this fall, suggests the D.P.R.K. is willing to satisfy U.S. security aims in face-to-face negotiations.
  www.ciponline.org/asia/reports/task_force/Sigal.htm - February 24, 2005

• U.S.-ROK Relations: Silencing the Loose Cannons , Cossa, Ralph A.
  In this article, Cossa offers a suggestion for how the Roh and Bush administrations can bridge the diplomatic gap that has widened of the course of the past few years.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0448.pdf - November 3, 2005

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• Migrating for More: Children's Access to Education in Mongolia , Marshall, Jenni et al
  Quoted from CHIP: "This summarises the findings of CHIP research on migration and children's access to education in Mongolia. Key findings are that: finding work and increasing children's educational opportunities are two of the most important reasons for migration. However, school-aged migrant children are more than three times more likely to be out of school than long-term resident children. There are a range of reasons for this including: schools not accepting migrant children, lack of a nearby school, livestock-hering duties and the costs of schooling. Out-migration may be contributing to declining educational opportunities in rural areas as resources available to schools fall and with high poverty levels among those left behind, meeting educational costs may not take priority. The briefing makes a range of recommendations as to how migrant and non-migrant children's educational opportunities may be enhanced."
  www.childhoodpoverty.org/index.php/action=documentfeed/doctype=pdf/id=190/ - March 1, 2005

• Mongolia's New Strategic Vision , Noerper, Steve
  In this article, the author discusses how given Mongolia's status as a nuclear weapons free zone in addition to a decade of experience transitioning out of a Stalinist system, the country provides a model for the peninsula, in particular North Korea. Mongolia now hopes to position itself as a relevant key player in the region and mediator in regards to Korean peninsular affairs.
  www.nautilus.org/fora/security/0448A_Norper.html - November 16, 2004

• Mongolia's New Strategic Vision , Noerper, Steve
  This aritcle provides an analysis of the strategic direction Mongolia's new government is taking as it assumes control of the country's future.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0448A.pdf - November 8, 2005

• Papers on Mongolia , Nautilus Institute
  A list of publications and presentations related mainly to energy issues in Mongolia.
  www.nautilus.org/papers/regional.html#mon - November 23, 2004

• Tackling childhood poverty in Central and East Asia: Donor approaches in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia , Marcus, Rachel & Marshall, Jenni
  Quoted from CHIP: "This report examines how donors approach poverty among children and young people in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia. Poverty affecting children and young people increased substantially during the transition period in the two countries and aid could contribute significantly to tackling childhood poverty and deprivation."
  www.childhoodpoverty.org/index.php/action=documentfeed/doctype=pdf/id=93/ - January 1, 2004

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• Agriculture, Food Production and Food Trade in the Russian Far East , Russian Far East Advisory Group
  A comprehensive special report on the status of food production and trade in the Russian Far East. Included are articles on agriculture and food production, changes in the RFE food import business, agricultural reform and the feasibility of buliding a large size grain terminal in the RFE. 16 pages.
  www.russianfareast.com/specpub.html - March 7, 2005

• Concept for Reforming Military Education: Organization and Methods , Carnegie Moscow Center
  This working paper outlines the reasons that necessitate a reform of Russia's system of military educational institutions. The paper includes a forecast for the realization of the federal program entitled "Reform of the Military Education System in Russia Through 2010," as well as recommendations for reforming military education and proposals for respective changes to federal legislation.
  www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/workpapers/WP-2004-08-www.pdf - December 2, 2004

• Contact Lenses: The Realist Neglect of Transparency and US-Russian Military Ties , Zisk, Kimberly Marten
  The author is using an example of U.S./Russian military-to-military contacts to demonstrate that realist policy-makers value transparency as an end in itself. First, U.S.-Russian military contact programs through the mid-1990s are described. The author illustrates how officials on both sides view these programs, demonstrating both the variety of realist motives that underline them, and the significance of transparency as one of those motives. Then the article answers a hypothetical argument that this belief if misplaces and the benefits of transparency are illusory - by examining the effects of Soviet-German military-to-military cooperation in the 1920, cooperation which preceded the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. Finally, the author makes suggestions drawn from these preliminary findings about how academic realists might integrate the search for transparency into their research questions.
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/002.PDF - February 1, 2005

• Forest Sector of Khabarovskiy Krai: Principal Orientation of Development , Sheingauz, Alexander S.
  The state use and restoration of forest resources in the Khabarovskiy Krai are considered. The state of utilizing them industries is analyzed, and principal orientation of development and improvement of the krai's forest sector are proposed. The main concept of the further development is its sustainability, transition to resource saving and full multiple use of forest resources. Recommendations for working up a program of the krai's forest sector development are given. Intended for management and producing units staffs, for business persons, researchers, university and college readers and instructors, post-graduate and undergraduate students.
  www.ecrin.ru/articles.asp?id=150 - November 11, 2004

• Generational Change in Russia , McFaul, Michael
  Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the generational change in Russia has been pointed out as the beacon of hope for the country. What are the results of the 15 years of economical, political, and most importantly, ideologic  transition? What do the young people vote for now? The acticle is answers these questions and provides an comprehensive discussion of social changes that took place and thier implact on the perceptions of the young people.  
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/021.PDF - February 8, 2005

• Global Change Studies at the Far EAst: Abstracts of Workshop, September 1-4, 1997, Vladivostok, Russia , Russian Natinal Committee for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
  The book comprises abstracts of the second workshop organized by the Far East Branch of the National Committee of IGBP, Russian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok. Abstracts deal with different aspects of global changes at the Far East, e.g., present-day climatic and environmental changes, Holocene paleogeographic changes, and anthropogenic modifications of nature.
  igbp-rnc.dvo.ru/e_page_009.htm - November 18, 2004

• Ideology, Interests, and Identity. Comparing Secession Crises in the USSR and Russia , Hanson, Stephen, H.
  The essay is a comparative analysis of the trends and tendencies of nationalism that prevailed in the Soviet Union during the last years of its existence and modern Russia. The author questions common assumption about the post-communist national identity and state formation.    
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/010.PDF - February 7, 2005

• It's Value that's Virtual: Bartles, Rubbles, and the Place of Gazprom in the Russian Economy , Woodruff, David M.
  The article analyzes role of the major energy supplier in the Russian economy. The trends of soviet and post-soviet energy consumption and the it's role in inflation of the currency rate are described and considered in great detail.  
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/011.pdf - February 7, 2005

• Objective Factors of Corruption in teh Exercise of Procesures of Financial Recovery of Enterprises , Vasiliev, Dmitri
  This publication presents a report prepared as part of the Corruption and State Reform project of the Carnegie Moscow Center. The report reviews the objective prerequisites for corruption in the activity of the Russian Federal Service of Financial Recovery of Enterprises, analyzes the current reform projects of this Service, and proposes measures for eliminating or reducing objective corruption-breeding factors.
  pubs.carnegie.ru/workpapers/2002/wp0902.pdf - December 2, 2004

• Papers on Russian Federation , Nautilus Institute
  A list of publications with active links to the actual papers on various aspects on political and economic life in Russia. There is a large number of papers on the issues of the Russian Far East and its role in Northeast Asia.
  www.nautilus.org/papers/regional.html#russia - November 23, 2004

• Pro et Contra Journal , Carnegie Moscow Center
  The Moscow Center launched its quarterly policy journal, Pro et Contra, in the fall of 1996. Each issue is devoted to a central theme focusing, in turn, on either the international or domestic affairs of Russia and the CIS countries. The journal offers readers a diverse collection of articles and essays which deliver sophisticated, in-depth, and incisive assessments of contemporary policy issues. Pro et Contra also features profiles of political leaders, journalistic essays, book reviews, and letters from readers. Each issue - including English-language summaries of every article - is posted in its entirety on the Carnegie Moscow Center's web site.
  www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/procontra/ - December 2, 2004

• Reports of the Workshop on the Global Change Studies in teh Far East, Vladivostok, Sept. 11-15, 2000 , Russian National Committee for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
  The reports of the Workshop on the Global Change Studies in the Far East held by the Far East Branch, Russian National Committee for IGBP and Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS are presented. The reports deal with long-term temperature changes in coastal waters of the Sea of Japan, duration of cold periods in the southern Russian Far East, technogenous coastal modifications, climatic assymetry of river valleys. Paleogeographical papers include studies on dynamics of ice cover of the Sea of Okhotsk during the Pleistocene-Holocene, Late Quaternary transgressions on Kurile Islands, Holocene climatic changes in Priamurye. Long-term changes of marine and lake ecosystems are described on the example of populations of mollusks, commercial fishes, polychaetes, Myxosporidia and plankton.
  igbp-rnc.dvo.ru/e_page_009.htm - November 18, 2004

• Rough Crossing: Democracy in Russia , Kuchins A.; Trenin D.; Trudolyubov, M.; Yefimova N. eds.
  This collected volume includes 12 articles on the development of democracy, both in Russia and elsewhere, written by scholars from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Carnegie Moscow Center. The articles appeared in Russian in the daily Moscow-based business newspaper Vedomosti (published in affiliation with the Financial Times and the Wall Street Journal) between Nov. 24, 2003, and Feb. 25, 2004.
  www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/8905Rough%20Crossin_book.pdf - December 2, 2004

• Rules for Followers: Institutional Theory, Russia, and the New Politics of Economic Backwardness , Woodruff, David M.
  This essay concerns how Russia's chances to build effective market-sustaining institutions are affected by the legacy of state socialism and the character of the international environment at the end of the twentieth century. Russia's effort to become integrated into the international economy on the basis of the institutional forms generally considered legitimate by powerful actors in that economy has had real but shallow success. The author examines key market institutions - money and property rights in joint-stock corporations.  
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/013.PDF - February 7, 2005

• Russia's Passive Army: Rethinking Military Corps , Taylor, Brian D.
  Applying a framework of two approaches, one cultural and the other rational, the article explains organizational behavior of the Russian Army after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The main question asked are why the predictions of military intervention (made by analysts in the West) proved unfounded and what will be the role of the Russian Army in the years to come.  
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/014.PDF - February 7, 2005

• The Party's On: The Impact of Political Organizations in Russia's Duma Elections , Hale, Henry E.
  Do political parties matter in Russia? From one perspective, they clearly do. Half of the Russian parliamemt (the Duma) is elected on teh basis of proportional representation (PR), according to which system only registered political movements can compete. Observers frequently charge, however, the political parties matter little outside the boundaries of the specific district where the PR takes place. The article provides some valuable insights regarding this process.
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/015.PDF - February 7, 2005

• The Political Economy of Growth in Russia , Popov, Vladimir
  The author offers detailed analysis and critique of the recent economic reforms in Russia. The aim of the epublication is to identify the most important barriers to economic growth; provide evidence that such barriers are too serious to be eliminated within a short period of time; contribute to the discussion of how such barriers could be overcome eventually.
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/017.PDF - February 8, 2005

• The Russian Federation and Asian Security: Marginalization or Integration? , Kuchins, Andrew C.; Zagorsky, Alexi V.
  Contemporary discussions of virtually any aspect of Russian foreign and security policy must take as their point of departure the extraordinarily weakened condition of the Russian Federation. If one looks at economic and military power, the main traditional indices of national strength, Russia\'s decline is dramatic. The article examines security position of Russia amongst the Asian nations and the security arrangements that are desirable for the country in the future. ?/P>
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/009.PDF - February 1, 2005

• The Strange Death of the Soviet Union: Nationalism, Democratization, and Leadership , Hale, Henry E.
  The author tries to solve the puzzle of Soviet Collapse. The article attempts to answer the questions of why did the Soviet Union Collapse? What does this historical milestone tell us about the possible fate of other multi-national states and the fate of Russia?  
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/012.PDF - February 7, 2005

• When Capitalism and Democracy Collide in Transition: Russia's "Weak" State as an Imediment to Democratic Consolidation , McFaul, Michael
  Russia appears to have made tremendous progress in becoming a democracy in recent years. The series of democratic achievements in remarkable, especially when compared to other periods of Russia\'s history - be it the confrontation and ultimately bloody politics of the first years of the new Russian state, the seventy years of totalitarian rule under the communists, or the hundreds of years of autocratic government under the tsars. To develop an argument about the centrality of state weakness to Russia\'s current impasse, the essay defines the state and its attributesÊusing the framework ofÊthe three properties: internal cohesion, state-society relations, and state capacity.
  www.csis.org/ruseura/ponars/workingpapers/001.PDF - February 1, 2005

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• America's Role in Asia , Asia Foundation
  In January 2004, The Asia Foundation announced the launch of its "America's Role in Asia" project, a comprehensive assessment of U.S.-Asia relations. During a series of workshops in the first nine months of 2004, separate American and Asian working groups, each consisting of leading policymakers and scholars, will analyze the security, political, economic and social challenges facing the U.S. in Asia and recommend policy initiatives to the U.S. administration and Congress. This section includes papers submitted by participants on the Asian working group.
  www.asiafoundation.org/Publications/aria.html - November 30, 2004

• Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers , Chin, Ko-lin and Zhang, Sheldon
  In this article for the U.S. Department of State's National Institute of Justice, Drs. Chin and Zhang, both reknowned experts on issue of smuggling people from China to the U.S., bring new insight to the characteristics of Chinese human smugglers, known as snakeheads. Contrary to prevailing views, their research shows that neither smugglers nor the communities in which they work consider them criminals, but rather as providing a valuable service to their fellow citizens. Additionally, Chin and Zhang found no ties between the loosely affiliated networks of freelance smugglers that they interviewed and organized Chinese gangs, or triads, casting doubt on the idea that smuggling ventures are managed by a central leader overseeing a smuggling enterprise. Chin and Zhang also highlight that any smuggling networks, whether formal or informal, could not be as successful as they are without collusion from China's numerous corrupt public officials.
  www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/204989.pdf - April 8, 2005

• China's HIV/AIDS Crisis: Implications for Human Rights, the Rule of Law and U.S.-China Relations , Gill, Bates
  In this testimony for the Congressional-Executive Commission on China\'s Roundtable on HIV/AIDS, Dr. Bates Gill, the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C., provides an excellent overview of the history of HIV/AIDS in China from its initial outbreak through 2002. Dr. Gill delineates the role poor medical infrastructure and political leadership play in aggravating China\'s HIV/AIDS crisis, as well as the underlying social problems that help perpetrate it, endangering health and stability in China. Such problems include AIDS villages, AIDS orphans, the high cost of AIDS medications, \"bloodheads\", poor data collection methods, traditional obstacles that impede sex education, condom use, or dialogues about the gay community and men who have sex with men, son preference, the floating population (liudong renkou) and relaxed household registration (hukou) requirements, stigmatization, AIDS activists-cum-political dissidents, and generally inadequate funding and capacity. Dr. Gill also provides several recommendations for helping China manage its HIV/AIDS problems, with emphasis on the need for the United States to increase its funding of HIV/AIDS education and testing efforts in China.
  www.csis.org/hill/ts020909gill.pdf - February 28, 2005

• Why Do They Leave Their Homes? , Mah, Karen
  This overview on the reasons behind Chinese illegal immigration to the U.S. provides insights from numerous experts on the subject, including Ko-lin Chin of Rutgers University, Paul J. Smith, author of Human Smuggling: Chinese Migrant Trafficking and the Challenge to America's Migration Tradition, and Peter Kwong, author of Forbidden Workers: Illegal Chinese Immigrants and American Labor. Among the reasons stated are immigrants' economic motivation, peer pressure, and increasing unemployment in China. The financial and emotional costs of illegal immigration are also discussed, including the hardships of immigrants' new lives in the U.S.
  usinfo.state.gov/eap/east_asia_pacific/chinese_human_smuggling/why_leave.html - April 8, 2005

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• A Study on Establishment and Operation of Northeast Asia Energy Cooperation Network , Park, Y.D.
  One of the goals for dynamic Korean economic development is to be the hub country in Northeast Asia. To be a hub country we need to enlarge the supply of energy and to strengthen the capacity of energy security. Through the Northeast Asia energy cooperation, all six Northeast Asia countries can be mutually interconnected. Since those interconnections tend to expand into the world network, the functions and mechanism of the intergovernmental framework of Northeast Asia energy cooperation needs to be implemented with much consultation with the existing regional energy cooperation consultative framework. The study focuses on how to harmonize Northeast Asia energy cooperation framework with norms of WTO system. Among the issues discusses are: Trade and Investment, Regional Trade Agreements, Trade Facilitation, and Trade and Competition Policy issues need to be harmonized with Northeast Asia energy cooperation framework.
  www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/en_publish.nsf/frame.htm?ReadForm&url=/web_keei/en_publish.nsf/ByallV/5524332203AEB80E49256F87000964CC?OpenDocument - February 9, 2005

• An Analysis of the Economic Effects of Japan-Korea FTA: Sectoral Aspects , Nakajima, Tomoyoshi
  Contains a brief history of recent Japan-Korea FTA negotiations and in depth analysis using various economic models.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 29, 2004

• An International Logistical Network in Northeast Asia , Tsuji, Hisako
  This paper outlines the current status of existing and planned transportation corridors in Northeast Asia, as well as their characteristics and inherent problems.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 29, 2004

• Asian Populism an the U.S. Security Presensce in Asia , Calder, Kent E.
  The author examinesÊ history and nature of the U.S.Êmilitary presence in Northeast Asia since the end of the Cold War. Analysing the American and Japanese roles as a stabilizer in the region, the author argues that there is an on-going shift towards Japan's regional leadership in this capacity.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00061.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Building Cooperation among the U.S., Japan, and China , Skanderup, Jane
  Bilateral relationships among the U.S., Japan, and China are so complex and distinct from each other that improving trilateral cooperation often falls off the radar screen of most policy makers. Yet positive relations among these three key states are fundamental to peace and security in the Asia-Pacific region, and the rest of East Asia feels more secure when the three countries are engaging one anotherno country wants to have to choose among them. The three countries have a responsibility to work out differences and improve cooperation for their own national interests as well as to work productively with countries in the region. Jane Skanderup explores the possibility for future trilateral cooperation.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0449.pdf - November 10, 2005

• Comparative Connections , Pacific Forum
  Bilateral relationships in East Asia have long been important to regional peace and stability, but in the post-Cold War environment, these relationships have taken on a new strategic rationale as countries pursue multiple ties, beyond those with the U.S., to realize complex political, economic, and security interests. How one set of bilateral interests affects a country\'s other key relations is becoming more fluid and complex, and at the same time is becoming more central to the region\'s overall strategic compass. Comparative Connections, Pacific Forum\'s quarterly electronic journal on East Asian bilateral relations edited by Brad Glosserman and Vivian Brailey Fritschi, with Ralph A. Cossa serving as senior editor, was created in response to this unique environment. Comparative Connections provides timely and insightful analyses on key bilateral relationships in the region, including those involving the U.S.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/ccejournal.html - March 22, 2005

• Cross-border Human Flows in Northeast Asia , United States Institute of Peace
  Webcast of Presentations on "Cross-border Human Flows in Northeast Asia," United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., June 24, 2004. Presentations by Tsuneo Akaha, Robert Scalapino, and Hazel Smith, and discussion by Demetri Papademetriou, chaired by Taylor Seybolt.
  usip.org/events/2004/0624_wksmigration.html - July 14, 2004

• Cross-Border Human Flows in Northeast Asia , Akaha, Tsuneo
  This paper, by Prof. Tsuneo Akaha of the Center for East Asian Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, addresses the various issues that increased cross-border human flows in Northeast Asia have brought to light. These issues range from host country social stability to traditional national security and non-traditional human security. Prof. Akaha bases his analysis on three case studies: Chinese migration; North Korean migration to China; and Russians in Japan.
  www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=257 - September 30, 2004

• Growing International Use of the Trans-Siberian Railway: Japan is Being Left Out of the Loop , Tsuji, Hisako
  This paper examines Japan's diminishing presence in international container shipping via the Trans-Siberian Railway.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 29, 2004

• Multilateralism and National Strategy in Northeast Asia , Eberstadt, Nicholas, and Ralph Cossa
  Dr. Nicholas Eberstadt observes that South Korean leaders have implemented innovative policies that have allowed them to achieve remarkable levels of prosperity and a degree of independence from the United States.¡¦While South Korea has progressed from Third-World levels of poverty in the 1950s to near-Western levels of affluence today, North Korea has gone from an impressive period of economic growth in the 1950s to desperate need in the 1990s. The North has lost its communist benefactors; yet in the post-Cold War era it remains committed to reunification of the Korean Peninsula as a socialist state's strategy Eberstadt considers "completely irrelevant to the problems at hand." Continuing this policy will mean that "Pyongyang will be reduced to a tactical game of eking out extensions of its lease on life¡¦" Ralph Cossa addresses the benefits and prospects for multilateral, particularly nongovernmental, organizations in East Asia. After providing a useful summary of the major multilateral efforts, Cossa argues that all regional powers have much to gain by increased participation in multilateral security dialogues in the region. Such fora act as confidence-building measures that facilitate the prevention of crises, bring leaders together who would not otherwise be inclined to meet, and at the unofficial level allow for new initiatives to be floated that would be politically unfeasible to raise officially. Cossa points out that the U.S. commitment to multilateralism is built on the premise that such dialogues must complement existing bilateral relationships. Indeed, the U.S.-Japan security relationship must remain strong if Japan is to be trusted by its Asian neighbors in multilateral fora. Cossa also points out that such efforts should be used to encourage the constructive incorporation of Russia and China into East Asian economic and security dialogues.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol7no5/v7n5.pdf - January 1, 1996

• Non-traditional Security Cooperation for Regionalism in Northeast Asia , Akaha, Tsuneo
  This is a brief analysis based on the assumption that the formation of regionalism in Northeast Asia requires confidence building at multiple levels of relations in the region. Akaha's central argument is that multilateral cooperation over non-traditional security issues will contribute to the building of mutual confidence in the region.
  www.waseda-coe-cas.jp/e/seika_workingpaper.html - October 12, 2004

• North Korea, Russia and Japan: Turning Northeast Asain Challenges into Opportunities , Azizian, Rouben
  The article analyses situation in North Korea in the context of a larger framework of the institutional security environment in Northeast Asia. The author briefly describes points of content that exist between Russia and Japan, China and the US, and North and South Korea. The article also offers an interesting opinion on future policy implications and developments in the region in relation to the war in Iraq.
  www.inthenationalinterest.com/Articles/Vo1Issue11/Vol1Issue11Azizian.html - March 22, 2005

• The Tumen River Area Development Programme: Its History and Current Status as of 2004 , Tsuji, Hisako
  The article provides a chronology of the Tumen River project and a detailed analysis of the iniatives and outcomes in each country. It also examines the development and problems concerning the transportation corridors.
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 26, 2004

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• An Asian FTA and Japan's Agricultural Policy , Nakajima, Tomoyoshi
  An analysis of Japan's trade policy changes concerning GATT, WTO, and newly emerging regional Free Trade Agreements (FTA).
  www.erina.or.jp/En/Ef/research-f3.htm - September 26, 2004

• APEC, the WTO and Aisa-Pacific Leadership for Global Trade and Investment Liberalisation , Garnaut, Ross
  A paper for the panelÊdiscussion in the Conference "Japan, Asia and the United States: Economic Interactions and Business Inteerests." It discusses the trade relations in Asia and theÊrole of theÊWTO.Ê
  www.columbia.edu/cu/business/apec/first.htm - December 2, 2004

• Asian Energy Security , Nautilus Institute
  A list of publications with links to actual papers on various issues related to East Asian energy security.ÊThe page contains information onÊsuch issues as ÊEast Asia Energy Futures, East Asia Power Grid Interconnection, Financing Clean Coal, etc.Ê
  www.nautilus.org/papers/energy.html#aes - November 23, 2004

• Doing Business with the Three Dragons , Indiana University
  The site contains a large number of articles on the various aspects of doing business with Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong. A large emphasis is put on cultural aspect.
  www.indiana.edu/%7Eeasc/resources/threedragons/intro.htm - January 27, 2005

• East Asian Development Experience , Yanagihara, Toru
  The volume discusses approaches employer and reasons for the rapid development in East Asia.ÊIt provides discussion on the lessons learned andÊways to share these lessonsÊwith other countries thourghÊdevelopment assistance.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sympro/017.html - November 16, 2004

• From Manufacturing to Knowledge-based Industries: Development Strategies for East Asian NIEs in the next Decade , Wong, Poh-Kam
  Dr. Wong will discuss the increasing importance of technological innovation and entrepreneurship, and the expanding role of the digital economy in global competition. He will present an assessment of the competitive performance of the four East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong) in these areas and suggest development strategies for the future.
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00063.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Globalization and Nontraditional Security Issues: A Study of Human and Drug Trafficking in East Asia , Emmers, Ralf
  From the author's abstract: "East Asia faces a series of non-traditional security challenges that include environmental concerns, infectious diseases and transnational crime. Rather than creating such forms of insecurity, the process ofÊglobalization has singifcantly amplified their spread and impact and accelerated their sginificance. This paper focuses on illicit drug and human trafficking in China and the Southeast Asian countries and examines these categories of tranational crime in the context of a globalizing world. It argues that the potection of state and human security against drug and people trafficking will increasingly require effective transnational cooperation and some surrendering of state sovereignty. The paper reflects on the depth of such problems in East Asia by analyzing the production, distribution and consumption of narcotics as well as the trafficking of women in the region. It notes an increasing level of multilateral cooperation in East Asia to combat human and drug trafficking. Yet, in addition to the ongoing development of capacity-building and soft mechanisms of cooperation, deeper law enforcement and judiciary collaboration is required at a multilateral level to address these non-traditional security challenges."
  www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/WorkingPapers/WP62.pdf - April 8, 2005

• New Migrations, Ethnicity and Nationalism in Southeast and East Asia , Castles, Stephen
  The rapidly increasing mobility of the population is a central aspect of the widespread social transformations occurring in East and Southeast Asia. This involves migrations of many types: migrant workers, business people, professionals, family members or refugees. It also takes place across many scales, from internal, to neighbouring countries or intercontinental. Much migration is the result of labourrecruitment by governments and employers, but it is rapidly becomes a selfsustaining process. Two factors, the emergence of social networks linking migrants and the development of a ‘migration industry? including agents and brokers of all kinds, tend to perpetuate migration flows. In this context, government immigration policies are often unsuccessful. Immigrant policies (e.g. policies concerning the situation of foreign residents) are generally reactive, ad hoc, and often ineffective.
  www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/castles.pdf - June 12, 1998

• Pax-Americana-led Macro-Clustering and Flying-Geese-Style Catch-Up in East Asia: Mechanisms of Regionalized Endogenous Growth , Ozawa, Terutomo
  Note: In order to access the paper, select “Publications” from the Menu on the left and choose “Working Papers.” Rapid growth in East Asia (despite the 1997-98 crises) has been unique as it is clustered so intensively only in that particular region. The flying- geese model of industrial upgrading is applied to the emergence of Pax-Americana- led growth clustering. The high propensity of the U.S. to transplant manufacturing overseas, Japan’s roles of structural intermediator and capacity augmenter, and catching- up economies’ public policies are the key co-determinants of regionalized endogenous growth in East Asia.
  www2.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/ - March 1, 2005

• Stimson Quartely Update on East Asian Security , The Henry L. Stimson Center
  The Stimson Quarterly Update on East Asian Security (SQUEAS) provides information on recent and ongoing activities of The Henry L. Stimson Center\'s Japan- and China-focused projects and insights into current East Asian security issues. You are subscribed to this electronic newsletter because you have asked to be added or you were already included on Stimson\'s existing mailing lists.
  www.stimson.org/squeas/?SN=SQ20030925588 - March 7, 2005

• Trends and Issues in East Asia , Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development
  Periodical published by the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID). It provides comprehensive insights on the political, economic and social trends in the region. It examines separate countries and the behavior of the regional organizations and alliances.
  www.fasid.or.jp/english/publication/research/issues.html - November 16, 2004

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• 5 Percent/5 Years: Toward the Shanghai Goal , Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
  The Shanghai Goal aims at reducing transactions costs throughout the APEC region by 5% within 5 years. At the centre of this initiative are APEC’s trade facilitation goals including transparency, communications, consultations, and cooperation, non-discrimination, consistency, predictability, and due process, simplification, practicability, and efficiency, harmonization, standardization, and recognition, and modernization and the use of new technology. APEC member economies such as Canada, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, and Singapore have already been successful in reducing trade-related transaction costs through various strategies. As part of the Shanghai Goal initiative, APEC has focused on capacity building in its developing economies, however some constraints remain. In the future, APEC will need to devise ways to measure decreases in transactions costs, make collective action plans more specific, and participate further in the development planning process if the Shanghai Goal is to be attained.
  www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/toward_shanghai.pdf - November 11, 2004

• Advancing Corporate Governance Reform in Asia , APEC Study Center, Columbia University
  For decades, Asia's rapid economic growth served as a model for other developing economies. The Financial Crisis that devastated the region in early 1997 shocked policy makers and business leaders around the globe. Prior to the crisis, corporate governance was viewed by many in Asia as irrelevant, dismissed as a concern for more advanced (and largely Western) economies to consider at their leisure. Today, "Corporate Governance" verges on becoming a household world, not only in those economies hardest hit by the crisis, but thought Asia. On 15 February 2002, the APEC Study Center and The Asia Foundation, together with the Program in International Economic Policy, School for International and Public Affairs held a half-day panel discussion, presenting three speakers whose combined expertise reflects the diversity of approaches pursued in promoting reform.
  www.columbia.edu/cu/business/apec/first.htm - December 2, 2004

• America's Role in Asia: What Does Southeast Asia Want From Washington? , Koh, Tommy
  Prior to the U.S. presidential elections, the Asia Foundation [www.asiafoundation.org] established four task forces - one each in the U.S., Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, and South Asia - to review, and to make recommendations to the next U.S. administration about America's role in Asia. Recommendations growing out of the Southeast Asian and U.S. reports were discussed during the Singapore launch of the report in early December by task force members Tommy Koh and Ralph Cossa.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0453.pdf - December 21, 2004

• APEC as a Pacific OECD Revisited , MacDuff, David and Woo, Yuen Pau
  The idea of a trans-Pacific institution created along the lines of the Paris-based Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is almost as old as the OECD itself. With the creation of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in 1990, some scholars and officials believed that an embryonic Pacific OECD had come into being. By the mid-90s, however, and especially after APEC turned its focus to the Bogor targets of free and open trade by 2010/2020, the idea of APEC as a Pacific OECD had lost its appeal. Indeed the very mention of OECD as a possible benchmark for APEC was taboo as long as the regional forum imagined that it had a superior formula for cooperation, in the form of "concerted unilateral liberalization." It was only with the collapse of the early voluntary sectoral liberalization (EVSL) initiative in 1997/98 that doubts were raised about APEC's trade liberalization agenda. Accordingly, the renewed interest in institutional reform and strengthening can be seen as part of a deeper unease about APEC's main purposes and an unspoken quest for a new raison d'etre. This paper looks at specific aspects of the OECD model that may serve to reinvigorate APEC's economic cooperation mandate and suggests a number of practical measures towards a Pacific OECD. By using the OECD as a benchmark, the paper is not advocating institutional mimicry but is offering a reference point for APEC to map its own path. If a Pacific OECD is to emerge, it will be defined as much by its "Pacific" roots as by the Paris prototype.
  www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/apecOECDg_14oct03.pdf - November 11, 2004

• APEC Review #10 , Taiwan Institute of Economic Research
  This 10th APEC Review publication provides an analysis of options to enhance APEC and WTO's cooperation in promoting trade facilitation. Other articles include: "China's WTO Entry and Its Implications for Taiwan's National Security Interests," as well as eleven other publications concerning APEC and WTO relations.
  www.tier.org.tw/ctasc/APECreview/APECreview10.PDF - December 3, 2004

• APEC: Cooperation for Sustainable Development , Itoga, Shigeru ed.
  The volume discusses the issues pertaining to energy and environmental cooperationÊin Asia-Pacific Region.ÊSome of the probelmes discusses: increasing energy consumption, population growth and food security, etc.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sympro/018.html - November 16, 2004

• APEC: Cooperation from Diversity , Yamazawa, Ippei; Hirata, Akira
  Th evolume provides discussion of the positions of the countries-members andÊbehavior of such regional organizations as APEC and ASEAN.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sympro/016.html - November 16, 2004

• ASEAN's Evolving Regionalism: Promise or Peril? , Zakaria, Ahmad
  The author analyses the influence of 1997 Crisis on changes in theÊeconomies of theÊASEAN countries,Êregional dinamics, and the attitudes of the global community.ÊHeÊcovers evolution of the union into ASEAN plus three and makes some projections about the regional future. Ê
  ads.bookpark.ne.jp/ads/get.asp?site=SPFV&file=SPFV00059.pdf - November 9, 2004

• Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration , Thynne, Yanne; Burns, John eds.
  Note: In order to access the information on the journal, select \"Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration\" from the menu on the left. The Journal is a scholarly, blind peer reviewed journal dedicated to promoting the study, research and analysis of public governance, policy, administration and management in the Asia Pacific region and elsewhere.
  www.hku.hk/ppaweb/ - January 11, 2005

• Asia Pacific Press , Asia Pacific Press
  Asia Pacific Press is a specialist publisher based at the Australian National University in the Pacific School of Economics and Government. Asia Pacific Press publishes on economics, development, governance and management, particularly on the Asia Pacific Region. Asia Pacific Press also publishes with organisations and publishers in the region.
  www.asiapacificpress.com/public/home.ehtml - November 23, 2004

• Asia Pacific Quarterly Bulletin , Australian National University
  The Quarterly Bulletin, aims to provide information to a diverse readership with an interest in the region and the scholarly disciplines which are central to the School's programs. The Quarterly Bulletin provides background about individuals working within the School and maps the progress of the School's research. Copies of the Quarterly Bulletin are distributed, without charge, throughout Australia and to an international readership with special attention to educational and research institutions, libraries, government departments, politicians, non-government agencies, corporations and community groups throughout Asia and the Pacific region. Copies of the Quarterly Bulletin may be ordered by completing the subscription form on page 19 of the magazine and returning it to the mail address shown. There is no charge for single copies of the magazine.
  rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/about.php - January 20, 2005

• Chinese Views on Asia-Pacific Regional Security Cooperation , Shirk, Susan L.
  How China chooses to exercise this power in the framework of Asia-Pacific regional security cooperation is addressed by Susan Shirk in this issue of NBR Analysis. Professor Shirk, who is director of the University of California's Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and professor in the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at the University of California, San Diego, argues that Chinese foreign policy-makers are slowly overcoming their traditional reluctance to engage in regional security cooperation.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol5no5/v5n5.pdf - January 1, 1994

• I.D.E. Development Perspective Series , Institute of Developing Economies Japan External Trade Organization
  A new series in English for multi-faced studies of developing economies, principally based on a collective research of a specific subject. The majority of the papers covers issues faced by the developing countries in Asia-Pacific.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Idps/index.html - November 16, 2004

• International Relations of the Asia-Pacific , Oxford University Press
  International Relations of the Asia-Pacific is an exciting journal that addresses the major issues and developments taking place in the Asia-Pacific. It provides frontier knowledge of and fresh insights into the Asia-Pacific. The journal is a meeting place where various issues are debated from refreshingly diverging angles, backed up by rigorous scholarship. The journal is open to all methodological approaches and schools of thought, and to ideas that are expressed in plain and clear language. It welcomes contributions on all important developments in the Asia-Pacific, ranging from China’s accession to the WTO; America’s antiterrorist war and regional power reconfiguration; the poverty of institutions and the challenge of regional governance; Japan’s belated entry into regional politics; Asian NGOs Crossing Borders; China's increasing economic importance; deepening globalization; and changing national identities.
  irap.oupjournals.org/ - November 30, 2004

• Multilateralism: Is there An Asia-Pacific Way? , Acharya, Amitav
  Dr. Amitav Acharya, professor of political science at York University in Ontario, outlines the historical and cultural factors that have encouraged the development of the Asia-Pacific Way of multilateralism, and explores its utility for dealing with economic and military conflicts. Dr. Acharya points out that the rejection of European style multilateralism is in part a function of the vastly differing circumstances that existed in Asia and Europe following World War II. Whereas in Europe the Cold-War confrontation between nuclear superpowers and their allies predominated, in East Asia there was a larger number of perceived threats and unresolved conflicts; and economic development took precedence over nuclear confrontation. Paradoxically, in spite of significant conflict in the region, Dr. Acharya describes an Asian strategic culture that shuns the identification of adversaries, not to mention formal arrangements for resolving disputes.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol8no2/v8n2.pdf - January 1, 1997

• New Powers, Old Patterns: Dangers of the Naval Buildup in the Asia Pacific Region , Wallace, Michael D. and Meconis, Charles A.
  This paper addresses the issue of the naval arms buildup in the Asia Pacific region and the frequently-expressed fears that it might turn into an all-out arms race. The authors find that although the naval buildup has not yet turned into a full-scale arms race throughout the region, a) there is a genuine naval arms race already occurring between the PRC and Taiwan; b) the historical precursors of an arms race are now in place throughout Northeast Asia; and, c) there is a clear danger of an inter-ASEAN naval arms race. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need to put in place official mechanisms to enhance cooperative maritime security, consisting of a combination of confidence building and risk reduction measures together with multinational naval cooperation leading toward full-scale maritime security regimes.
  www.iir.ubc.ca/pdffiles/webwp9.pdf - October 14, 2004

• Overcoming Asia's Currensy and Financial Crises: A Theoretical Investigation , Kunimune, Kozo
  Because of globalization, a financial crisis in one part of the world can have far-reaching adverse effects; the crisis that started in Thailand in 1997 ultimately affected countries as far away as the Republic of Korea and Brazil. Thus more important than attempting to prevent these crises is the need to cope with currency and financial crises ex post and to develop the tools and methods for overcoming them after their occurrence. The present volume examines the high interest rate policy intended to stave off a currency crisis, banking policies for weathering a financial crisis, and corporate restructuring policies for revitalizing economic activity. Theoretical analyses were done using a wide range of analytical frameworks such as the overshoot model of exchange rates, time inconsistency, the agency approach for corporate finance, and comparative studies of financial systems.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Ops/039.html - November 16, 2004

• Statistical Data Series , Institute of Developing Economies Japan External Trade Organization
  It consists of statistical time series tables and commodity tables produced on the basis of statistical data, including trade, production and population figures collected and organized by IDE on developing countries, and the results of statistical analysis based on evaluation and processing of this data. The emphasis is made on Asian countries.
  www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Books/Sds/index.html - November 16, 2004

• Survey on Customs, Standards, and Business Mobility in the APEC Region , Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
  Survey results of business people in the APEC region on 3 issues in APEC's trade facilitation agenda: customs procedures; standards and conformances; and mobility of business people. The survey was commissioned by the APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC).
  www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/surveys/abacsurvey.pdf - November 11, 2004

• The Asia-Pacific and the United States , Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
  This publication analyzes several bilateral relationships between the U.S. and regional countries--focusing on regional countries' views of the United States as well as key issues in Asia-U.S. relations such as missile defense and multilateralism. Contents of Part 1 of the Special Assessment are: • Foreword (Lt. Gen. H.C. Stackpole, U.S. Marine Corps, Retired; President, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies) • Editor's Note (Satu Limaye) • Philippines and the United States 2004-2005: Defining Maturity (Carl Baker) • Asia-Pacific Missile Defense Cooperation and the United States: A Mixed Bag (Richard Bitzinger) • Japan and the United States 2004-2005: Going Global? (David Fouse) • Asian Views of the United States and Multilateralism 2004-2005: Mixed Messages Sent, Mixed Messages Received (Jim Rolfe) • China and the United States 2004-2005: Testy Partnership Faces Taiwan Challenge (Denny Roy) • The Freely Associated States and the United States 2004-2005: Holding Firm (Eric Shibuya) • ROK and the United States 2004-2005: Managing Perception Gaps? (David Shin) • Indonesia and the United States 2004-2005: New President, New Needs, Same Old Relations (Anthony Smith) • Malaysia and the United States 2004-2005: The Best of Times? (Ian Storey) • Vietnam and the United States 2004-2005: Still Sensitive, But Moving Forward (Ian Storey) • Pakistan and the United States 2004-2005: Deepening the Entente (Robert Wirsing)
  www.apcss.org/Publications/SAS/APandtheUS/AsiaPacificAndUS.html - February 15, 2005

• Trade Facilitation: A Development Perspective in the Asia Pacific Region , Wilson, John S., Catherine Mann, Yuen Pau Woo, Nizar Assaine
  This study uses a new gravity model and indicators that more closely match the complexity of the processes and transactions that affect trade. We find that improving port logistics has by far the highest elasticity and impact on APEC-wide trade. Harmonizing standards to APEC standards has a significant positive impact on trade in the APEC region, particularly for manufactured goods. The study also provides the most comprehensive analysis of APEC\'s past work on trade facilitation and recommendations on future directions. Here, we reviewed over 240 APEC projects and found that technical assistance, accounted for about 30% of APEC projects since 1993. Combining the modelling results obtained above with past work in facilitation, the study provides areas of focus for future capacity-building work that APEC can undertake in its developing member economies.
  www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/apec/apec_tf_report.pdf - November 11, 2004

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• AccessAsia , The National Bureau of Asian Research
  The AccessAsia Review contains articles that review and assess current research on policy-relevant issues in the field of contemporary Asian affairs. The electronic versions are available online at no charge.
  www.nbr.org/publications/review/index.html - November 30, 2004

• America's Role in Asia: A Convergence of Views , Cossa, Ralph A.
  Prior to the U.S. presidential elections, the Asia Foundation [www.asiafoundation.org] established four task forces - one each in the U.S., Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, and South Asia - to review, and to make recommendations to the next U.S. administration about America's role in Asia. Recommendations growing out of the Southeast Asian and U.S. reports were discussed during the Singapore launch of the report in early December by task force members Tommy Koh and Ralph Cossa.
  www.csis.org/pacfor/pac0453A.pdf - December 21, 2005

• Asia - World Energy Outlook - Burgeoning Asian economies and the changing energy supply-demand structure , Ito, Kokichi
  The author examines global economic growth and China's share of it in relation to primary energyÊ supply, electrification and power supply, motorization in Asia as a whole and China in particular, carbon dioxide emissions. The article further discusses practical implications of the above-mentioned processes and offeres some policy options.
  eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/253.pdf - November 10, 2004

• Asian Development Outlook 2004 update , Asian Development Bank
  The Asian Development Outlook, 2004 Update features an overview of recent global economic trends and the region’s recent macroeconomic performance and prospects. It also analyzes economic trends, policy developments, and the outlook for 21 selected developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which were included in ADO 2004. In addition, the Update assesses different scenarios relating to the shortterm impacts of a PRC slowdown and sustained high global oil prices on the region’s economies. The ADO 2004 Update features an overview of recent global economic trends and the region’s recent macroeconomic performance and prospects. It also analyzes economic trends, policy developments, and the outlook for 21 selected developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which were included in ADO 2004. In addition, the Update assesses di.erent scenarios relating to the shortterm impacts of a PRC slowdown and sustained high global oil prices on the region’s economies.
  www.adb.org/documents/books/ado/2004/update/ado2004-update.pdf - December 2, 2004

• Asian Perspectives Series , Asia Foundation
  This series is designed to capture the outputs of the Foundation's Asian Perspectives Seminar conference series, held in Washington, D.C. The seminars focus on Asian countries of strategic economic and political importance to the United States, and serve to broaden discussions for the Washington, D.C. policy community on many factors that affect our relationship with the Asia Pacific region, including domestic issues that affect foreign policymaking.
  www.asiafoundation.org/Publications/asianperspectives.html - November 30, 2004

• Asian Survey , The Institute of East Asian Studies
  The only academic journal of its kind produced in the United States, Asian Survey provides a comprehensive retrospective of contemporary international relations within Central, Southeast, and East Asian nations. As the Asian community’s matrix of activities becomes increasingly complex, it is essential to have a sourcebook for sound analysis of current events, governmental policies, socio-economic development, and financial institutions. In Asian Survey you’ll find that sourcebook. Asian Survey consistently publishes articles by leading American and foreign scholars, whose views supplement and contest meanings disseminated by the media. Journal coverage ranges in scope from diplomacy, disarmament, missile defense, military, and modernization, to ethnicity, ethnic violence, economic nationalism, general elections, and global capitalism.
  www.ucpress.edu/journals/as/ - November 9, 2004

• Asian Updates , Asia Society
  Asian Updates provide incisive background and analysis of newsworthy issues and events in Asia and U.S.-Asia relations for a wide audience of journalists, business executives, policy makers, scholars, and others interested in Asia.
  - November 30, 2004

• Ballistic Missiles and Missile Defense in Asia , Swaine, Michael D., and Runyon, Loren H.
  In this issue of the "NBR Analysis," Dr. Michael D. Swaine, senior associate and codirector of the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, with assistance from Loren H. Runyon, senior intern at NBR, outlines the ballistic missile capabilities and development programs of various Asian states. He examines the role of ballistic missiles in each state's force structure, strategy, and doctrine, and considers the reactions of each to proposals for U.S. national missile defense and possible regional theater missile defense systems. Dr. Swaine concludes that these developments have significant implications for the Asian security environment and for U.S. political and military interests over the course of the next decade.
  www.nbr.org/publications/analysis/vol13no3/13.3.pdf - June 1, 2002

• Casebooks , Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development
  Casebooks are the collection of the teaching cases mainly in the field of International Development. These cases are written by the participants of FASID Case Writing Workshop under the supervision of instructors of this course. These cases can be used for educational and training purposes. Majority of the Cases are written on the Development Assistance provided to the countries in East and Southeast Asia by the Japanese and Korean development organizations.
  www.fasid.or.jp/english/publication/casebook/index.html - November 16, 2004

• Culture and Identity - Ethnic Coexistence in Asia , Sakasawa Peace Foundation
  There are multiethnic communities in Asia where people have been able to transcend differences of culture and ethnicity and even take advantage of the strength of their diversity in sustaining peaceful coexistence. SPF's "Culture and Identity?Ethnic Coexistence in Asia" Program (1994-99) sought to devise and apply methodology for investigating the wisdom at work in maintaining such harmonious interethnic relationships. This paper outlines the overall program design, including its operating